Bacterial RNAs activate innate immunity in Arabidopsis
The common molecular patterns of microbes play a critical role in the regulation of plant innate immunity. However, little is known about the role of nucleic acids in this process in plants. We pre‐infiltrated Arabidopsis leaves with total RNAs from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pto DC3000...
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| Published in: | The New phytologist Vol. 209; no. 2; pp. 785 - 797 |
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| Abstract | The common molecular patterns of microbes play a critical role in the regulation of plant innate immunity. However, little is known about the role of nucleic acids in this process in plants. We pre‐infiltrated Arabidopsis leaves with total RNAs from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pto DC3000) and subsequently inoculated these plants with the same bacterial cells. Total Pto DC3000 RNAs pre‐infiltrated into Arabidopsis leaves elicited plant immune responses against Pto DC3000. However, sheared RNAs and RNase A application failed to induce immunity, suggesting that intact bacterial RNAs function in plant innate immunity. This notion was supported by the positive regulation of superoxide anion levels, callose deposition, two mitogen‐activated protein kinases and defense‐related genes observed in bacterial RNA‐pre‐treated leaves. Intriguingly, the Pto DC3000 population was not compromised in known pattern recognition receptor mutants for chitin, flagellin and elongation factor‐Tu (EF‐Tu). Plant defense‐related mutant analyses further revealed that bacterial RNA‐elicited innate immunity was normally required for salicylic and jasmonic acid signaling. Notably, among total RNAs, the abundant bacterial RNA species 16S and 23S ribosomal RNAs were the major determinants of this response. Our findings provide evidence that bacterial RNA serves as a microbe‐associated molecular pattern in plants. |
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| AbstractList | The common molecular patterns of microbes play a critical role in the regulation of plant innate immunity. However, little is known about the role of nucleic acids in this process in plants. We pre-infiltrated Arabidopsis leaves with total RNAs from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pto DC3000) and subsequently inoculated these plants with the same bacterial cells. Total Pto DC3000 RNAs pre-infiltrated into Arabidopsis leaves elicited plant immune responses against Pto DC3000. However, sheared RNAs and RNase A application failed to induce immunity, suggesting that intact bacterial RNAs function in plant innate immunity. This notion was supported by the positive regulation of superoxide anion levels, callose deposition, two mitogen-activated protein kinases and defense-related genes observed in bacterial RNA-pre-treated leaves. Intriguingly, the Pto DC3000 population was not compromised in known pattern recognition receptor mutants for chitin, flagellin and elongation factor-Tu (EF-Tu). Plant defense-related mutant analyses further revealed that bacterial RNA-elicited innate immunity was normally required for salicylic and jasmonic acid signaling. Notably, among total RNAs, the abundant bacterial RNA species 16S and 23S ribosomal RNAs were the major determinants of this response. Our findings provide evidence that bacterial RNA serves as a microbe-associated molecular pattern in plants. * The common molecular patterns of microbes play a critical role in the regulation of plant innate immunity. However, little is known about the role of nucleic acids in this process in plants. * We pre-infiltrated Arabidopsis leaves with total RNAs from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pto DC3000) and subsequently inoculated these plants with the same bacterial cells. * Total Pto DC3000 RNAs pre-infiltrated into Arabidopsis leaves elicited plant immune responses against Pto DC3000. However, sheared RNAs and RNase A application failed to induce immunity, suggesting that intact bacterial RNAs function in plant innate immunity. This notion was supported by the positive regulation of superoxide anion levels, callose deposition, two mitogen-activated protein kinases and defense-related genes observed in bacterial RNA-pre-treated leaves. Intriguingly, the Pto DC3000 population was not compromised in known pattern recognition receptor mutants for chitin, flagellin and elongation factor-Tu (EF-Tu). Plant defense-related mutant analyses further revealed that bacterial RNA-elicited innate immunity was normally required for salicylic and jasmonic acid signaling. Notably, among total RNAs, the abundant bacterial RNA species 16S and 23S ribosomal RNAs were the major determinants of this response. * Our findings provide evidence that bacterial RNA serves as a microbe-associated molecular pattern in plants. See also the Commentary by Panstruga The common molecular patterns of microbes play a critical role in the regulation of plant innate immunity. However, little is known about the role of nucleic acids in this process in plants. We pre-infiltrated Arabidopsis leaves with total RNAs from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pto DC3000) and subsequently inoculated these plants with the same bacterial cells. Total Pto DC3000 RNAs pre-infiltrated into Arabidopsis leaves elicited plant immune responses against Pto DC3000. However, sheared RNAs and RNase A application failed to induce immunity, suggesting that intact bacterial RNAs function in plant innate immunity. This notion was supported by the positive regulation of superoxide anion levels, callose deposition, two mitogen-activated protein kinases and defense-related genes observed in bacterial RNA-pre-treated leaves. Intriguingly, the Pto DC3000 population was not compromised in known pattern recognition receptor mutants for chitin, flagellin and elongation factor-Tu (EFTu). Plant defense-related mutant analyses further revealed that bacterial RNA-elicited innate immunity was normally required for salicylic and jasmonic acid signaling. Notably, among total RNAs, the abundant bacterial RNA species 16S and 23S ribosomal RNAs were the major determinants of this response. Our findings provide evidence that bacterial RNA serves as a microbe-associated molecular pattern in plants. The common molecular patterns of microbes play a critical role in the regulation of plant innate immunity. However, little is known about the role of nucleic acids in this process in plants. We pre‐infiltrated Arabidopsis leaves with total RNA s from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC 3000 ( Pto DC 3000) and subsequently inoculated these plants with the same bacterial cells. Total Pto DC 3000 RNA s pre‐infiltrated into Arabidopsis leaves elicited plant immune responses against Pto DC 3000. However, sheared RNA s and RN ase A application failed to induce immunity, suggesting that intact bacterial RNA s function in plant innate immunity. This notion was supported by the positive regulation of superoxide anion levels, callose deposition, two mitogen‐activated protein kinases and defense‐related genes observed in bacterial RNA ‐pre‐treated leaves. Intriguingly, the Pto DC 3000 population was not compromised in known pattern recognition receptor mutants for chitin, flagellin and elongation factor‐Tu ( EF ‐Tu). Plant defense‐related mutant analyses further revealed that bacterial RNA ‐elicited innate immunity was normally required for salicylic and jasmonic acid signaling. Notably, among total RNA s, the abundant bacterial RNA species 16S and 23S ribosomal RNA s were the major determinants of this response. Our findings provide evidence that bacterial RNA serves as a microbe‐associated molecular pattern in plants. See also the Commentary by Panstruga Summary The common molecular patterns of microbes play a critical role in the regulation of plant innate immunity. However, little is known about the role of nucleic acids in this process in plants. We pre‐infiltrated Arabidopsis leaves with total RNAs from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pto DC3000) and subsequently inoculated these plants with the same bacterial cells. Total Pto DC3000 RNAs pre‐infiltrated into Arabidopsis leaves elicited plant immune responses against Pto DC3000. However, sheared RNAs and RNase A application failed to induce immunity, suggesting that intact bacterial RNAs function in plant innate immunity. This notion was supported by the positive regulation of superoxide anion levels, callose deposition, two mitogen‐activated protein kinases and defense‐related genes observed in bacterial RNA‐pre‐treated leaves. Intriguingly, the Pto DC3000 population was not compromised in known pattern recognition receptor mutants for chitin, flagellin and elongation factor‐Tu (EF‐Tu). Plant defense‐related mutant analyses further revealed that bacterial RNA‐elicited innate immunity was normally required for salicylic and jasmonic acid signaling. Notably, among total RNAs, the abundant bacterial RNA species 16S and 23S ribosomal RNAs were the major determinants of this response. Our findings provide evidence that bacterial RNA serves as a microbe‐associated molecular pattern in plants. See also the Commentary by Panstruga |
| Author | Park, Yong‐Soon Lee, Soohyun Lee, Boyoung Song, Geun Cheol Ryu, Choong‐Min |
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| Keywords | salicylic acid (SA) jasmonic acid (JA) Pseudomonas syringae plant innate immunity bacterial RNAs microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) |
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| Snippet | The common molecular patterns of microbes play a critical role in the regulation of plant innate immunity. However, little is known about the role of nucleic... Summary The common molecular patterns of microbes play a critical role in the regulation of plant innate immunity. However, little is known about the role of... * The common molecular patterns of microbes play a critical role in the regulation of plant innate immunity. However, little is known about the role of nucleic... |
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| SubjectTerms | Anions Arabidopsis Arabidopsis - genetics Arabidopsis - immunology Arabidopsis - microbiology Arabidopsis Proteins - genetics Bacteria bacterial RNAs callose Chitin Cyclopentanes - metabolism Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy Elongation Flagellin Gene Expression Regulation, Plant Genes Immune response Immunity Immunity, Innate - genetics Innate immunity Inoculation Jasmonic acid jasmonic acid (JA) Kinases Leaves Lycopersicon esculentum microbe‐associated molecular pattern (MAMP) Microorganisms mitogen-activated protein kinase Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases - genetics Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases - genetics Mutants Nucleic acids Oxylipins - metabolism Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules - immunology Pattern recognition Pattern recognition receptors Plant immunity plant innate immunity Plant Leaves - immunology Plants Pseudomonas syringae Pseudomonas syringae - genetics Pseudomonas syringae - pathogenicity Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato ribonucleases Ribonucleic acid ribosomal RNA RNA RNA, Bacterial RNA, Ribosomal, 16S RNA, Ribosomal, 23S salicylic acid salicylic acid (SA) Salicylic Acid - metabolism superoxide anion Superoxide anions Tomatoes |
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| Title | Bacterial RNAs activate innate immunity in Arabidopsis |
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