Mechanisms of decompensation and organ failure in cirrhosis: From peripheral arterial vasodilation to systemic inflammation hypothesis

Summary The peripheral arterial vasodilation hypothesis has been most influential in the field of cirrhosis and its complications. It has given rise to hundreds of pathophysiological studies in experimental and human cirrhosis and is the theoretical basis of life-saving treatments. It is undisputed...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Journal of hepatology Vol. 63; no. 5; pp. 1272 - 1284
Main Authors:	Bernardi, Mauro, Moreau, Richard, Angeli, Paolo, Schnabl, Bernd, Arroyo, Vicente
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01-11-2015
Subjects:	Animals Arteries - physiopathology Ascites Bacterial translocation Cardiovascular dysfunction Cirrhosis Cytokines - metabolism Gastroenterology and Hepatology Humans Inflammation - complications Inflammation - metabolism Inflammation - physiopathology Liver Cirrhosis - complications Liver Failure - etiology Liver Failure - metabolism Liver Failure - physiopathology Peripheral arterial vasodilation hypothesis Pro-inflammatory cytokines Renal dysfunction Systemic inflammation Vasodilation - physiology plasma renin activity ACLF GTP toll-like receptors systemic inflammation hypothesis HRS TNF CX3CL1 TLR(s) mesenteric lymph nodes C-RP K ATP PAMPs nitric oxide synthase nitric oxide IL HSP relative adrenal insufficiency guanosine 5′ monophosphate carbon monoxide GMP acute-on-chronic liver failure BH4 adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels Cirrhosis pathogen-associated molecular patterns NOS SIH receptor tyrosine kinases hepatorenal syndrome ROS IPVD VEGFs acute kidney injury peripheral arterial vasodilation hypothesis lipopolysaccharide Ascites Systemic inflammation PICD NO tetrahydrobiopterin PAVH PRRs Renal dysfunction plasma C-reactive protein vascular endothelial growth factors heat shock protein HPS LPS DAMPs BT reactive oxygen species hepatic encephalopathy danger-associated molecular patterns SNS bacterial translocation interleukin AKI MLNs SBP hepatopulmonary syndrome sympathetic nervous system fractaline chemokine guanosine 5′ triphosphate CO RTKs paracentesis-induced circulatory dysfunction ECM pattern recognition receptors tumor necrosis factor intrapulmonary vasodilatation Cardiovascular dysfunction Pro-inflammatory cytokines RAI spontaneous bacterial peritonitis HE PRA extracellular matrix Peripheral arterial vasodilation hypothesis Bacterial translocation KATP
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