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Mixing characteristics of refractory black carbon aerosols at an urban site in Beijing

Black carbon aerosols play an important role in climate change because they directly absorb solar radiation. In this study, the mixing state of refractory black carbon (rBC) at an urban site in Beijing in the early summer of 2018 was studied with a single-particle soot photometer (SP2) as well as a...

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Published in:	Atmospheric chemistry and physics Vol. 20; no. 9; pp. 5771 - 5785
Main Authors:	Liu, Hang, Pan, Xiaole, Liu, Dantong, Liu, Xiaoyong, Chen, Xueshun, Tian, Yu, Sun, Yele, Fu, Pingqing, Wang, Zifa
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Katlenburg-Lindau Copernicus GmbH 14-05-2020 Copernicus Publications
Subjects:	Aerosols Air pollution Atmospheric boundary layer Black carbon Black carbon aerosols Calibration Carbon Climate change Coatings Core-shell structure Diameters Dimensions Diurnal Emissions Fractal geometry Global temperature changes Growth rate Influence Laboratories Lasers Mass Morphology Particle mass Particle size distribution Photometers Pollution Protective coatings Radiation (Physics) Roads & highways Scattering cross sections Size distribution Solar radiation Soot Structures Summer Urban areas Winds Beijing China United States > US Asia China
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Abstract	Black carbon aerosols play an important role in climate change because they directly absorb solar radiation. In this study, the mixing state of refractory black carbon (rBC) at an urban site in Beijing in the early summer of 2018 was studied with a single-particle soot photometer (SP2) as well as a tandem observation system with a centrifugal particle mass analyzer (CPMA) and a differential mobility analyzer (DMA). The results demonstrated that the mass-equivalent size distribution of rBC exhibited an approximately lognormal distribution with a mass median diameter (MMD) of 171 nm. When the site experienced prevailing southerly winds, the MMD of rBC increased notably, by 19 %. During the observational period, the ratio of the diameter of rBC-containing particles (D.sub.p) to the rBC core (D.sub.c) was 1.20 on average for D.sub.c =180 nm, indicating that the majority of rBC particles were thinly coated. The D.sub.p /D.sub.c value exhibited a clear diurnal pattern, with a maximum at 14:00 LST and a D.sub.p growth rate of 2.3 nm h.sup.-1 ; higher O.sub.x conditions increased the coating growth rate.
AbstractList	Black carbon aerosols play an important role in climate change because they directly absorb solar radiation. In this study, the mixing state of refractory black carbon (rBC) at an urban site in Beijing in the early summer of 2018 was studied with a single-particle soot photometer (SP2) as well as a tandem observation system with a centrifugal particle mass analyzer (CPMA) and a differential mobility analyzer (DMA). The results demonstrated that the mass-equivalent size distribution of rBC exhibited an approximately lognormal distribution with a mass median diameter (MMD) of 171 nm. When the site experienced prevailing southerly winds, the MMD of rBC increased notably, by 19 %. During the observational period, the ratio of the diameter of rBC-containing particles (Dp) to the rBC core (Dc) was 1.20 on average for Dc=180 nm, indicating that the majority of rBC particles were thinly coated. The Dp∕Dc value exhibited a clear diurnal pattern, with a maximum at 14:00 LST and a Dp growth rate of 2.3 nm h−1; higher Ox conditions increased the coating growth rate. The microphysical properties of rBC were also studied. Bare rBC particles were mostly found in fractal structures with a mass fractal dimensions (Dfm) of 2.35, with limited variation during both clean and polluted periods. The morphology of rBC changed with coating thickness increasing. When the mass ratio of nonrefractory matter to rBC (MR) was <1.5, rBC-containing particles were primarily found in external fractal structures, and they changed to a core–shell structure when MR>6, at which point the measured scattering cross section of rBC-containing particles was consistent with that based on the Mie-scattering simulation. We found that only 28 % of the rBC-containing particles were in core–shell structures with a particle mass of 10 fg in the clean period but that proportion increased considerably, to 45 %, in the polluted period. Due to the morphology change, the absorption enhancement (Eabs) was 12 % lower than that predicted for core–shell structures. Black carbon aerosols play an important role in climate change because they directly absorb solar radiation. In this study, the mixing state of refractory black carbon (rBC) at an urban site in Beijing in the early summer of 2018 was studied with a single-particle soot photometer (SP2) as well as a tandem observation system with a centrifugal particle mass analyzer (CPMA) and a differential mobility analyzer (DMA). The results demonstrated that the mass-equivalent size distribution of rBC exhibited an approximately lognormal distribution with a mass median diameter (MMD) of 171 nm. When the site experienced prevailing southerly winds, the MMD of rBC increased notably, by 19 %. During the observational period, the ratio of the diameter of rBC-containing particles (D.sub.p) to the rBC core (D.sub.c) was 1.20 on average for D.sub.c =180 nm, indicating that the majority of rBC particles were thinly coated. The D.sub.p /D.sub.c value exhibited a clear diurnal pattern, with a maximum at 14:00 LST and a D.sub.p growth rate of 2.3 nm h.sup.-1 ; higher O.sub.x conditions increased the coating growth rate. Black carbon aerosols play an important role in climate change because they directly absorb solar radiation. In this study, the mixing state of refractory black carbon (rBC) at an urban site in Beijing in the early summer of 2018 was studied with a single-particle soot photometer (SP2) as well as a tandem observation system with a centrifugal particle mass analyzer (CPMA) and a differential mobility analyzer (DMA). The results demonstrated that the mass-equivalent size distribution of rBC exhibited an approximately lognormal distribution with a mass median diameter (MMD) of 171 nm. When the site experienced prevailing southerly winds, the MMD of rBC increased notably, by 19 %. During the observational period, the ratio of the diameter of rBC-containing particles ( Dp ) to the rBC core ( Dc ) was 1.20 on average for Dc=180 nm, indicating that the majority of rBC particles were thinly coated. The Dp∕Dc value exhibited a clear diurnal pattern, with a maximum at 14:00 LST and a Dp growth rate of 2.3 nm h −1 ; higher Ox conditions increased the coating growth rate. The microphysical properties of rBC were also studied. Bare rBC particles were mostly found in fractal structures with a mass fractal dimensions ( Dfm ) of 2.35, with limited variation during both clean and polluted periods. The morphology of rBC changed with coating thickness increasing. When the mass ratio of nonrefractory matter to rBC ( MR ) was <1.5, rBC-containing particles were primarily found in external fractal structures, and they changed to a core–shell structure when MR>6 , at which point the measured scattering cross section of rBC-containing particles was consistent with that based on the Mie-scattering simulation. We found that only 28 % of the rBC-containing particles were in core–shell structures with a particle mass of 10 fg in the clean period but that proportion increased considerably, to 45 %, in the polluted period. Due to the morphology change, the absorption enhancement ( Eabs ) was 12 % lower than that predicted for core–shell structures. Black carbon aerosols play an important role in climate change because they directly absorb solar radiation. In this study, the mixing state of refractory black carbon (rBC) at an urban site in Beijing in the early summer of 2018 was studied with a single-particle soot photometer (SP2) as well as a tandem observation system with a centrifugal particle mass analyzer (CPMA) and a differential mobility analyzer (DMA). The results demonstrated that the mass-equivalent size distribution of rBC exhibited an approximately lognormal distribution with a mass median diameter (MMD) of 171 nm. When the site experienced prevailing southerly winds, the MMD of rBC increased notably, by 19 %. During the observational period, the ratio of the diameter of rBC-containing particles (D.sub.p) to the rBC core (D.sub.c) was 1.20 on average for D.sub.c =180 nm, indicating that the majority of rBC particles were thinly coated. The D.sub.p /D.sub.c value exhibited a clear diurnal pattern, with a maximum at 14:00 LST and a D.sub.p growth rate of 2.3 nm h.sup.-1 ; higher O.sub.x conditions increased the coating growth rate. The microphysical properties of rBC were also studied. Bare rBC particles were mostly found in fractal structures with a mass fractal dimensions (D.sub.fm) of 2.35, with limited variation during both clean and polluted periods. The morphology of rBC changed with coating thickness increasing. When the mass ratio of nonrefractory matter to rBC (M.sub.R) was <1.5, rBC-containing particles were primarily found in external fractal structures, and they changed to a core-shell structure when M.sub.R 6, at which point the measured scattering cross section of rBC-containing particles was consistent with that based on the Mie-scattering simulation. We found that only 28 % of the rBC-containing particles were in core-shell structures with a particle mass of 10 fg in the clean period but that proportion increased considerably, to 45 %, in the polluted period. Due to the morphology change, the absorption enhancement (E.sub.abs) was 12 % lower than that predicted for core-shell structures. Black carbon aerosols play an important role in climate change because they directly absorb solar radiation. In this study, the mixing state of refractory black carbon (rBC) at an urban site in Beijing in the early summer of 2018 was studied with a single-particle soot photometer (SP2) as well as a tandem observation system with a centrifugal particle mass analyzer (CPMA) and a differential mobility analyzer (DMA). The results demonstrated that the mass-equivalent size distribution of rBC exhibited an approximately lognormal distribution with a mass median diameter (MMD) of 171 nm. When the site experienced prevailing southerly winds, the MMD of rBC increased notably, by 19 %. During the observational period, the ratio of the diameter of rBC-containing particles (Dp) to the rBC core (Dc) was 1.20 on average for Dc=180 nm, indicating that the majority of rBC particles were thinly coated. The Dp/Dc value exhibited a clear diurnal pattern, with a maximum at 14:00 LST and aDp growth rate of 2.3 nm h-1; higher Ox conditions increased the coating growth rate.The microphysical properties of rBC were also studied. Bare rBC particles were mostly found in fractal structures with a mass fractal dimensions (Dfm) of 2.35, with limited variation during both clean and polluted periods. The morphology of rBC changed with coating thickness increasing. When the mass ratio of nonrefractory matter to rBC (MR) was <1.5, rBC-containing particles were primarily found in external fractal structures, and they changed to a core–shell structure when MR>6, at which point the measured scattering cross section of rBC-containing particles was consistent with that based on the Mie-scattering simulation. We found that only 28 % of the rBC-containing particles were in core–shell structures with a particle mass of 10 fg in the clean period but that proportion increased considerably, to 45 %, in the polluted period. Due to the morphology change, the absorption enhancement (Eabs) was 12 % lower than that predicted for core–shell structures.
Audience	Academic
Author	Liu, Hang Pan, Xiaole Wang, Zifa Tian, Yu Liu, Xiaoyong Chen, Xueshun Sun, Yele Fu, Pingqing Liu, Dantong
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Snippet	Black carbon aerosols play an important role in climate change because they directly absorb solar radiation. In this study, the mixing state of refractory... Black carbon aerosols play an important role in climate change because they directly absorb solar radiation. In this study, the mixing state of refractory...
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SubjectTerms	Aerosols Air pollution Atmospheric boundary layer Black carbon Black carbon aerosols Calibration Carbon Climate change Coatings Core-shell structure Diameters Dimensions Diurnal Emissions Fractal geometry Global temperature changes Growth rate Influence Laboratories Lasers Mass Morphology Particle mass Particle size distribution Photometers Pollution Protective coatings Radiation (Physics) Roads & highways Scattering cross sections Size distribution Solar radiation Soot Structures Summer Urban areas Winds
Title	Mixing characteristics of refractory black carbon aerosols at an urban site in Beijing
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