Quantifying regional economic impacts of CO2 intensity targets in China

• Published in: Energy economics Vol. 40; pp. 687 - 701
• Main Authors: Zhang, Da, Rausch, Sebastian, Karplus, Valerie J., Zhang, Xiliang
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Amsterdam Elsevier B.V 01-11-2013; Elsevier
• Subjects: Air pollution caused by fuel industries; Applied sciences; Capital; Capital mobility; Carbon emissions; China; China (People's Republic); Climate policy; CO2 intensity; Computable general equilibrium (CGE); Economic data; Economics; Electric power; Electricity; Energy; Energy consumption; Energy economics; Energy prices; Energy sector; Energy utilization; Energy. Thermal use of fuels; Exact sciences and technology; General aspects; General, economic and professional studies; General. Regulations. Norms. Economy; Leadership; Methodology. Modelling; Natural gas; Prices; Welfare economics; Asia; China; China, People's Rep; CO2 intensity; Computable general equilibrium (CGE); Climate policy; China; Energy consumption; Emission permit; Pollution control; Carbon dioxide; Regional scope; CO; Pollutant emission; intensity; Welfare; Economic impact; General equilibrium model; Emission intensity
• ISSN: 0140-9883; 1873-6181
• DOI: 10.1016/j.eneco.2013.08.018

To address rising energy use and CO2 emissions, China's leadership has enacted energy and CO2 intensity targets under the Twelfth Five-Year Plan (2011–2015), which are defined at both the national and provincial levels. We develop a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model with global coverage that disaggregates China's 30 provinces and includes energy system detail, and apply it to assess the impact of the current binding provincial CO2 emissions intensity targets. We compare the impact of the provincial targets approach to a single target for China that achieves the same reduction in CO2 emissions intensity at the national level. The national target assumes trading of emissions allowances across provinces, resulting in the least-cost reductions nationwide. We find that the national target results in about 20% lower welfare loss in China relative to the provincial targets approach. Given that the regional distribution of impacts has been an important consideration in the target-setting process, we focus on the changes in provincial-level CO2 emissions intensity, CO2 emissions, energy consumption, and economic welfare. We observe significant heterogeneity across provinces in terms of the energy system response as well as the magnitude of welfare impacts. We further model the current policy of fixed end-use electricity prices in China and find that national welfare losses increase. Assumptions about capital mobility have a substantial impact on national welfare loss, while changing assumptions about the future availability of domestic natural gas resources does not have a large effect.
•We develop a global CGE model with regional detail in China to assess current CO2 intensity targets.•We assess the impact of provincial CO2 emissions intensity targets under the Twelfth Five-Year Plan.•For a given reduction in CO2 intensity, current provincial targets are 25% more costly than a single national target.•Under a national target wealthy coastal provinces reduce coal less, while inland provinces reduce more, relative to a provincial targets scenario.•Fixed electricity prices and reduced capital mobility increase welfare loss.