Long-term impact of acute restraint stress on heroin self-administration, reinstatement, and stress reactivity

• Published in: Psychopharmacology Vol. 237; no. 6; pp. 1709 - 1721
• Main Authors: Carter, Jordan S., Kearns, Angela M., Vollmer, Kelsey M., Garcia-Keller, Constanza, Weber, Rachel A., Baker, Nathaniel L., Kalivas, Peter W., Reichel, Carmela M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01-06-2020; Springer; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Animals; Anxiety; Anxiety disorders; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Biomedicine; Care and treatment; Comorbidity; Cues; Drug abuse; Drug addiction; Drug self-administration; Extinction, Psychological - physiology; Female; Heroin; Heroin - administration & dosage; Heroin Dependence - psychology; Male; Medical research; Medicine, Experimental; Neurosciences; Nose; Odor; Odorants; Opioids; Original Investigation; Pharmacology/Toxicology; Place preference conditioning; Post traumatic stress disorder; Psychiatry; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reinforcement; Reinstatement; Restraint, Physical - psychology; Rodents; Self Administration; Social behavior; Social interactions; Stress, Psychological - psychology; Substance abuse; PTSD; Anxiogenic phenotype; Relapse; Addiction; Opioids; Anxiety; Stress
• ISSN: 0033-3158; 1432-2072
• DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05486-z

Rationale
There is a robust relationship between anxiety disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance abuse. In fact, 30–50% of people seeking treatment for substance abuse have a comorbid diagnosis for PTSD. Heroin use is at epic proportions in the USA and is commonly used by people with co-occurring PTSD symptoms and substance use disorder.
Objectives
Here, we combined animal assays of acute restraint stress and contingent heroin self-administration (SA) to study comorbidity between stress disorders and opioid use disorder and identify shifts in anxiety-like behaviors following stress and/or heroin in response to a stress-conditioned cue. Our objective for this approach was to determine the long-term impact of acute restraint stress and heroin self-administration on stress reactivity and basic reward processes.
Methods
We used 2-h acute restraint stress paired with an odor stimulus to condition a stress cue (CS) for testing of subsequent stress reactivity in a burying task and reinstatement and extinction to heroin seeking. Rats were also tested for social place preference for measures of social reward and anxiety-like behaviors.
Results
Stress rats exhibited multiple levels of disrupted behavior including enhanced acquisition of heroin intake and reinstatement in response to the stress CS, as well as delayed extinction in response to the stress CS. All rats developed a social place preference, but stress rats spent more time in nose-to-nose contact with the unfamiliar rat while heroin rats spent time exploring the chamber. In the burying task, stress shortened latencies to bury the CS and increased burying and immobility in male and female rats relative to sham counterparts.
Conclusions
Acute restraint stress results in anxiety-like behaviors and a stress-associated cue is sufficient to reinstate extinguished heroin seeking. This project has the potential to elucidate the complex relationship between stress/anxiety disorders, including some PTSD-like characteristics, and the onset, maintenance, and relapse to heroin seeking.