Long-term visual pathway alterations after elemental mercury poisoning: report of a series of 29 cases

• Published in: Journal of occupational medicine and toxicology (London, England) Vol. 16; no. 1; pp. 1 - 49
• Main Authors: Pastor-Idoate, Salvador, Coco-Martin, Rosa M., Zabalza, Iratxe, Lantigua, Yrbani, Fernández, Itziar, Pérez-Castrillón, Jose L., Cuadrado, Ruben, de Lazaro, Jose A., Morejon, Angela, Dueñas-Laita, Antonio, Pastor, Jose C.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London BioMed Central Ltd 12-11-2021; BioMed Central; BMC
• Subjects: Acuity; Amplitudes; Blood; Chronic exposure; Color vision; Development and progression; Diabetic retinopathy; Electromyography; Electroretinography; Exposure; Health aspects; Mercury; Mercury (metal); Mercury poisoning; Mercury vapor; Neuralgia; Occupational exposure; Optic nerve; Optical Coherence Tomography; Optical coherence tomography (OCT), ocular Electrofisiology; Patients; Peripheral nervous system; Poisoning; Polyneuropathy; Retina; Retinal diseases; Risk factors; Sensorimotor system; Standard scores; Statistical analysis; Urine; Vapors; Visual acuity; Visual discrimination; Visual effects; Visual evoked potentials; Visual field; Visual fields; Visual pathways; Visual system; Spain; Germany
• ISSN: 1745-6673; 1745-6673
• DOI: 10.1186/s12995-021-00341-z

Background There are few clinical data on retinal involvement after acute exposure to high concentrations mercury and the available reports are based on a small number of patients suffering chronic exposure. The purpose of this paper is to report findings in workers acutely exposed to very high concentrations of mercury vapor with the aim of providing data on a possible direct retinal involvement. Methods Twenty-nine patients and 16 controls were evaluated in a comparative case series. Mercury levels in blood and urine samples, visual acuity (VA), contrast sensitivity (CS), visual field (VF), color discrimination and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were recorded. The pattern reversal visual-evoked potentials (PRVEP), full-field and multifocal electroretinography (ffERG/mfERG), pattern electroretinography (PERG), systemic symptoms, presence of erethism, and electromyography (EMG) were also gathered. A descriptive analysis was performed. The correlations between variables also were studied. In addition, electrophysiological data from those patients with deeper VF defects (group 1) were compared with a normal control group. Results Twenty-six workers exhibited symptoms of erethism. The EMG showed sensorimotor polyneuropathy and multiple mononeuropathy. The VA was slightly affected in 48.27% (n = 14) of subjects. Loss of CS in at least one of four spatial frequencies and color vision alterations occurred in 96.5% (n = 28) and 44.8% (n = 13), respectively. VF alterations were identified in 72.4% (n = 21) patients. No morphologic changes were seen in the OCT scans. Latencies over 100 milliseconds and reduced amplitudes of P100 were found in the PRVEP (p < 0.05). The reduced amplitude of the b wave at the ffERG, of the P50 at the PERG and of the P1 wave at the mfERG results (p < 0.05) suggested that the outer retina was involved. Significant negative correlations among blood mercury levels, VA, and ffERG were observed. Conclusions In this case series, showed that acute exposure to mercury vapor had a hazardous effect on the visual system. Although neurologic and visual pathway involvement was clearly demonstrated, the differences found compared to control support the existence of a direct functional retinal damage and participation in impaired vision in mercury poisoning. Keywords: Mercury poisoning, Mercury vapor, Occupational exposure, Optical coherence tomography (OCT), ocular Electrofisiology