Burden of Influenza and Respiratory Syncytial Viruses in Suspected COVID-19 Patients: A Cross-Sectional and Meta-Analysis Study

Non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viral infections, such as influenza virus (FluV) and human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), have contributed considerably to the burden of infectious diseases in the non-COVID-19 era. While the rates of co-infection in SARS-CoV-2-positive group (SCPG) patients have been...

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Published in:	Viruses Vol. 15; no. 3; p. 665
Main Authors:	Costa, Vivaldo Gomes da, Gomes, Ana Júlia Chaves, Bittar, Cíntia, Geraldini, Dayla Bott, Previdelli da Conceição, Pâmela Jóyce, Cabral, Ágata Silva, Carvalho, Tamara, Biselli, Joice Matos, Provazzi, Paola Jocelan Scarin, Campos, Guilherme Rodrigues Fernandes, Sanches, Paulo Ricardo da Silva, Costa, Paulo Inácio, Nogueira, Maurício Lacerda, Araujo, Jr, João Pessoa, Spilki, Fernando Rosado, Calmon, Marília Freitas, Rahal, Paula
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Switzerland MDPI AG 01-03-2023 MDPI
Subjects:	a systematic review Adenoviruses, Human Care and treatment Coinfection - epidemiology Coronaviruses Cough COVID-19 COVID-19 - epidemiology Cross-Sectional Studies Diagnosis Diarrhea Humans Infectious diseases Influenza influenza virus Influenza, Human - epidemiology Meta-analysis Myalgia non-COVID-19 Pandemics Pharyngitis Respiratory syncytial virus Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections - epidemiology Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human SARS-CoV-2 SARS-CoV-2-negative Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Viruses Vomiting Brazil SARS-CoV-2-negative influenza virus a systematic review non-COVID-19 respiratory syncytial virus
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Abstract	Non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viral infections, such as influenza virus (FluV) and human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), have contributed considerably to the burden of infectious diseases in the non-COVID-19 era. While the rates of co-infection in SARS-CoV-2-positive group (SCPG) patients have been determined, the burden of other respiratory viruses in the SARS-CoV-2-negative group (SCNG) remains unclear. Here, we conducted a cross-sectional study (São José do Rio Preto county, Brazil), and we collected our data using a meta-analysis to evaluate the pooled prevalence of FluV and RSV among SCNG patients. Out of the 901 patients suspected of COVID-19, our molecular results showed positivity of FluV and RSV in the SCNG was 2% (15/733) and 0.27% (2/733), respectively. Co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and FluV, or RSV, was identified in 1.7% of the patients (3/168). Following our meta-analysis, 28 studies were selected ( = 114,318 suspected COVID-19 patients), with a pooled prevalence of 4% (95% CI: 3-6) for FluV and 2% (95% CI: 1-3) for RSV among SCNG patients were observed. Interestingly, FluV positivity in the SCNG was four times higher (OR = 4, 95% CI: 3.6-5.4, < 0.01) than in the SCPG. Similarly, RSV positivity was significantly associated with SCNG patients (OR = 2.9, 95% CI: 2-4, < 0.01). For subgroup analysis, cold-like symptoms, including fever, cough, sore throat, headache, myalgia, diarrhea, and nausea/vomiting, were positively associated ( < 0.05) with the SCPG. In conclusion, these results show that the pooled prevalence of FluV and RSV were significantly higher in the SCNG than in the SCPG during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic.
AbstractList	Non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viral infections, such as influenza virus (FluV) and human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), have contributed considerably to the burden of infectious diseases in the non-COVID-19 era. While the rates of co-infection in SARS-CoV-2-positive group (SCPG) patients have been determined, the burden of other respiratory viruses in the SARS-CoV-2-negative group (SCNG) remains unclear. Here, we conducted a cross-sectional study (São José do Rio Preto county, Brazil), and we collected our data using a meta-analysis to evaluate the pooled prevalence of FluV and RSV among SCNG patients. Out of the 901 patients suspected of COVID-19, our molecular results showed positivity of FluV and RSV in the SCNG was 2% (15/733) and 0.27% (2/733), respectively. Co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and FluV, or RSV, was identified in 1.7% of the patients (3/168). Following our meta-analysis, 28 studies were selected (n = 114,318 suspected COVID-19 patients), with a pooled prevalence of 4% (95% CI: 3–6) for FluV and 2% (95% CI: 1–3) for RSV among SCNG patients were observed. Interestingly, FluV positivity in the SCNG was four times higher (OR = 4, 95% CI: 3.6–5.4, p < 0.01) than in the SCPG. Similarly, RSV positivity was significantly associated with SCNG patients (OR = 2.9, 95% CI: 2–4, p < 0.01). For subgroup analysis, cold-like symptoms, including fever, cough, sore throat, headache, myalgia, diarrhea, and nausea/vomiting, were positively associated (p < 0.05) with the SCPG. In conclusion, these results show that the pooled prevalence of FluV and RSV were significantly higher in the SCNG than in the SCPG during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viral infections, such as influenza virus (FluV) and human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), have contributed considerably to the burden of infectious diseases in the non-COVID-19 era. While the rates of co-infection in SARS-CoV-2-positive group (SCPG) patients have been determined, the burden of other respiratory viruses in the SARS-CoV-2-negative group (SCNG) remains unclear. Here, we conducted a cross-sectional study (São José do Rio Preto county, Brazil), and we collected our data using a meta-analysis to evaluate the pooled prevalence of FluV and RSV among SCNG patients. Out of the 901 patients suspected of COVID-19, our molecular results showed positivity of FluV and RSV in the SCNG was 2% (15/733) and 0.27% (2/733), respectively. Co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and FluV, or RSV, was identified in 1.7% of the patients (3/168). Following our meta-analysis, 28 studies were selected ( n = 114,318 suspected COVID-19 patients), with a pooled prevalence of 4% (95% CI: 3–6) for FluV and 2% (95% CI: 1–3) for RSV among SCNG patients were observed. Interestingly, FluV positivity in the SCNG was four times higher (OR = 4, 95% CI: 3.6–5.4, p < 0.01) than in the SCPG. Similarly, RSV positivity was significantly associated with SCNG patients (OR = 2.9, 95% CI: 2–4, p < 0.01). For subgroup analysis, cold-like symptoms, including fever, cough, sore throat, headache, myalgia, diarrhea, and nausea/vomiting, were positively associated ( p < 0.05) with the SCPG. In conclusion, these results show that the pooled prevalence of FluV and RSV were significantly higher in the SCNG than in the SCPG during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viral infections, such as influenza virus (FluV) and human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), have contributed considerably to the burden of infectious diseases in the non-COVID-19 era. While the rates of co-infection in SARS-CoV-2-positive group (SCPG) patients have been determined, the burden of other respiratory viruses in the SARS-CoV-2-negative group (SCNG) remains unclear. Here, we conducted a cross-sectional study (São José do Rio Preto county, Brazil), and we collected our data using a meta-analysis to evaluate the pooled prevalence of FluV and RSV among SCNG patients. Out of the 901 patients suspected of COVID-19, our molecular results showed positivity of FluV and RSV in the SCNG was 2% (15/733) and 0.27% (2/733), respectively. Co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and FluV, or RSV, was identified in 1.7% of the patients (3/168). Following our meta-analysis, 28 studies were selected ( = 114,318 suspected COVID-19 patients), with a pooled prevalence of 4% (95% CI: 3-6) for FluV and 2% (95% CI: 1-3) for RSV among SCNG patients were observed. Interestingly, FluV positivity in the SCNG was four times higher (OR = 4, 95% CI: 3.6-5.4, < 0.01) than in the SCPG. Similarly, RSV positivity was significantly associated with SCNG patients (OR = 2.9, 95% CI: 2-4, < 0.01). For subgroup analysis, cold-like symptoms, including fever, cough, sore throat, headache, myalgia, diarrhea, and nausea/vomiting, were positively associated ( < 0.05) with the SCPG. In conclusion, these results show that the pooled prevalence of FluV and RSV were significantly higher in the SCNG than in the SCPG during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Audience	Academic
Author	Costa, Vivaldo Gomes da Costa, Paulo Inácio Provazzi, Paola Jocelan Scarin Previdelli da Conceição, Pâmela Jóyce Cabral, Ágata Silva Campos, Guilherme Rodrigues Fernandes Nogueira, Maurício Lacerda Spilki, Fernando Rosado Calmon, Marília Freitas Biselli, Joice Matos Geraldini, Dayla Bott Sanches, Paulo Ricardo da Silva Rahal, Paula Araujo, Jr, João Pessoa Gomes, Ana Júlia Chaves Carvalho, Tamara Bittar, Cíntia
AuthorAffiliation	5 Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Botucatu 18607-440, SP, Brazil 1 Laboratório de Estudos Genômicos, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil 6 Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo 93525-075, RS, Brazil 2 Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia (LPV), Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, SP, Brazil 4 Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-360, SP, Brazil 3 Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil
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organization: Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia (LPV), Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, SP, Brazil – sequence: 14 givenname: João Pessoa orcidid: 0000-0002-9153-1485 surname: Araujo, Jr fullname: Araujo, Jr, João Pessoa organization: Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Botucatu 18607-440, SP, Brazil – sequence: 15 givenname: Fernando Rosado orcidid: 0000-0001-5804-7045 surname: Spilki fullname: Spilki, Fernando Rosado organization: Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo 93525-075, RS, Brazil – sequence: 16 givenname: Marília Freitas surname: Calmon fullname: Calmon, Marília Freitas organization: Laboratório de Estudos Genômicos, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista 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BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36992374$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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CitedBy_id	crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijid_2023_08_021 crossref_primary_10_24018_ejbiomed_2023_2_3_65 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jiph_2023_07_005
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SubjectTerms	a systematic review Adenoviruses, Human Care and treatment Coinfection - epidemiology Coronaviruses Cough COVID-19 COVID-19 - epidemiology Cross-Sectional Studies Diagnosis Diarrhea Humans Infectious diseases Influenza influenza virus Influenza, Human - epidemiology Meta-analysis Myalgia non-COVID-19 Pandemics Pharyngitis Respiratory syncytial virus Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections - epidemiology Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human SARS-CoV-2 SARS-CoV-2-negative Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Viruses Vomiting
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