"Picture-in-picture" artifact: Introduction and characterization of a hitherto unrecognized imaging artifact in creating perfusion defects in myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography

• Published in: Indian journal of nuclear medicine Vol. 36; no. 1; pp. 69 - 72
• Main Authors: Qutbi, Mohsen, Soltanshahi, Mehdi, Gorzi, Saba, Shiravand, Yaser, Edalat Haghi, Seyed, Khosravi, Ali, Asli, Isa
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Mumbai Wolters Kluwer India Pvt. Ltd 01-01-2021; Medknow Publications and Media Pvt. Ltd; Medknow Publications & Media Pvt. Ltd; Wolters Kluwer - Medknow
• Subjects: Cameras; Computed tomography; CT imaging; Defects; Field of view; Gallbladder; Image acquisition; Medical equipment and supplies industry; Medical imaging equipment; Medical test kit industry; Microprocessors; Myocardium; Nonuniformity; Photon emission; Photons; SPECT imaging; Technical Note; Tomography; United States; myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography; perfusion defects; imaging artifact; Gamma camera; picture-in-picture artifact
• ISSN: 0972-3919; 0974-0244
• DOI: 10.4103/ijnm.IJNM_55_20

Following a moving hot spot in the projections of raw images and profound perfusion defects in myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging of a patient, a hypothesis was postulated that the perfusion defects were artifactual, and the high activity concentration of the gallbladder may be a culprit for this phenomenon, owing to flawed event positioning function of the gamma camera due to a malfunctioning digital event processor electronics board. To depict the characteristics of this artifact, a point source containing an activity of 3 mCi of pertechnetate is placed on the scanning table with the detector facing the table (at a distance of 30 cm), and then, in other detector positions and 1-min static images are acquired accordingly. The ratio is calculated as follows: count of the artifactual focus: 1860, count of the index focus: 705,727, and artifactual-to-index focus ratio: 0.003. In testing the uniformity of gamma camera based on the National Electrical Manufacturers Association protocol, a nonuniform response was detected, seemingly, a smaller field of view (FOV) is reproduced in the main FOV causing nonuniformity more than the acceptable level. The smaller flood image lies in the upper right corner of the main flood image. In essence, the extremely bright gallbladder was the source of error, and its image was reproduced in the FOV, which was superimposed on the left ventricular myocardium in some of the projections and was propagated to SPECT images.