A Pilot Proteomic Analysis of Salivary Biomarkers in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) prevalence is increasing, with current estimates at 1/68–1/50 individuals diagnosed with an ASD. Diagnosis is based on behavioral assessments. Early diagnosis and intervention is known to greatly improve functional outcomes in people with ASD. Diagnosis, treatment moni...

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Published in:	Autism research Vol. 8; no. 3; pp. 338 - 350
Main Authors:	Ngounou Wetie, Armand G., Wormwood, Kelly L., Russell, Stefanie, Ryan, Jeanne P., Darie, Costel C., Woods, Alisa G.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01-06-2015 Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
Subjects:	Adolescent ASD Autism Spectrum Disorder - metabolism biomarker signature Biomarkers - metabolism Child Child, Preschool diagnosis early detection Female Humans Male Mass Spectrometry Pilot Projects Proteome - metabolism proteomics Proteomics - statistics & numerical data Saliva - metabolism Salivary Proteins and Peptides - metabolism diagnosis ASD early detection proteomics biomarker signature
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Abstract	Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) prevalence is increasing, with current estimates at 1/68–1/50 individuals diagnosed with an ASD. Diagnosis is based on behavioral assessments. Early diagnosis and intervention is known to greatly improve functional outcomes in people with ASD. Diagnosis, treatment monitoring and prognosis of ASD symptoms could be facilitated with biomarkers to complement behavioral assessments. Mass spectrometry (MS) based proteomics may help reveal biomarkers for ASD. In this pilot study, we have analyzed the salivary proteome in individuals with ASD compared to neurotypical control subjects, using MS‐based proteomics. Our goal is to optimize methods for salivary proteomic biomarker discovery and to identify initial putative biomarkers in people with ASDs. The salivary proteome is virtually unstudied in ASD, and saliva could provide an easily accessible biomaterial for analysis. Using nano liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry, we found statistically significant differences in several salivary proteins, including elevated prolactin‐inducible protein, lactotransferrin, Ig kappa chain C region, Ig gamma‐1 chain C region, Ig lambda‐2 chain C regions, neutrophil elastase, polymeric immunoglobulin receptor and deleted in malignant brain tumors 1. Our results indicate that this is an effective method for identification of salivary protein biomarkers, support the concept that immune system and gastrointestinal disturbances may be present in individuals with ASDs and point toward the need for larger studies in behaviorally‐characterized individuals. Autism Res 2015, 8: 338–350. © 2015 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
AbstractList	Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) prevalence is increasing, with current estimates at 1/68-1/50 individuals diagnosed with an ASD. Diagnosis is based on behavioral assessments. Early diagnosis and intervention is known to greatly improve functional outcomes in people with ASD. Diagnosis, treatment monitoring and prognosis of ASD symptoms could be facilitated with biomarkers to complement behavioral assessments. Mass spectrometry (MS) based proteomics may help reveal biomarkers for ASD. In this pilot study, we have analyzed the salivary proteome in individuals with ASD compared to neurotypical control subjects, using MS-based proteomics. Our goal is to optimize methods for salivary proteomic biomarker discovery and to identify initial putative biomarkers in people with ASDs. The salivary proteome is virtually unstudied in ASD, and saliva could provide an easily accessible biomaterial for analysis. Using nano liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we found statistically significant differences in several salivary proteins, including elevated prolactin-inducible protein, lactotransferrin, Ig kappa chain C region, Ig gamma-1 chain C region, Ig lambda-2 chain C regions, neutrophil elastase, polymeric immunoglobulin receptor and deleted in malignant brain tumors 1. Our results indicate that this is an effective method for identification of salivary protein biomarkers, support the concept that immune system and gastrointestinal disturbances may be present in individuals with ASDs and point toward the need for larger studies in behaviorally-characterized individuals. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) prevalence is increasing, with current estimates at 1/68–1/50 individuals diagnosed with an ASD. Diagnosis is based on behavioral assessments. Early diagnosis and intervention is known to greatly improve functional outcomes in people with ASD. Diagnosis, treatment monitoring and prognosis of ASD symptoms could be facilitated with biomarkers to complement behavioral assessments. Mass spectrometry (MS) based proteomics may help reveal biomarkers for ASD. In this pilot study, we have analyzed the salivary proteome in individuals with ASD compared to neurotypical control subjects, using MS‐based proteomics. Our goal is to optimize methods for salivary proteomic biomarker discovery and to identify initial putative biomarkers in people with ASDs. The salivary proteome is virtually unstudied in ASD, and saliva could provide an easily accessible biomaterial for analysis. Using nano liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry, we found statistically significant differences in several salivary proteins, including elevated prolactin‐inducible protein, lactotransferrin, Ig kappa chain C region, Ig gamma‐1 chain C region, Ig lambda‐2 chain C regions, neutrophil elastase, polymeric immunoglobulin receptor and deleted in malignant brain tumors 1. Our results indicate that this is an effective method for identification of salivary protein biomarkers, support the concept that immune system and gastrointestinal disturbances may be present in individuals with ASDs and point toward the need for larger studies in behaviorally‐characterized individuals. Autism Res 2015, 8: 338–350 . © 2015 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) prevalence is increasing, with current estimates at 1/68-1/50 individuals diagnosed with an ASD. Diagnosis is based on behavioral assessments. Early diagnosis and intervention is known to greatly improve functional outcomes in people with ASD. Diagnosis, treatment monitoring and prognosis of ASD symptoms could be facilitated with biomarkers to complement behavioral assessments. Mass spectrometry (MS) based proteomics may help reveal biomarkers for ASD. In this pilot study, we have analyzed the salivary proteome in individuals with ASD compared to neurotypical control subjects, using MS-based proteomics. Our goal is to optimize methods for salivary proteomic biomarker discovery and to identify initial putative biomarkers in people with ASDs. The salivary proteome is virtually unstudied in ASD, and saliva could provide an easily accessible biomaterial for analysis. Using nano liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we found statistically significant differences in several salivary proteins, including elevated prolactin-inducible protein, lactotransferrin, Ig kappa chain C region, Ig gamma-1 chain C region, Ig lambda-2 chain C regions, neutrophil elastase, polymeric immunoglobulin receptor and deleted in malignant brain tumors 1. Our results indicate that this is an effective method for identification of salivary protein biomarkers, support the concept that immune system and gastrointestinal disturbances may be present in individuals with ASDs and point toward the need for larger studies in behaviorally-characterized individuals. Autism Res 2015, 8: 338-350. © 2015 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Author	Woods, Alisa G. Darie, Costel C. Russell, Stefanie Ngounou Wetie, Armand G. Wormwood, Kelly L. Ryan, Jeanne P.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Armand G. surname: Ngounou Wetie fullname: Ngounou Wetie, Armand G. organization: Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, New York, 13699-5810, Potsdam – sequence: 2 givenname: Kelly L. surname: Wormwood fullname: Wormwood, Kelly L. organization: Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, New York, 13699-5810, Potsdam – sequence: 3 givenname: Stefanie surname: Russell fullname: Russell, Stefanie organization: SUNY Plattsburgh Neuropsychology Clinic and Psychoeducation Services, 101 Broad Street, New York, 12901, Plattsburgh – sequence: 4 givenname: Jeanne P. surname: Ryan fullname: Ryan, Jeanne P. organization: SUNY Plattsburgh Neuropsychology Clinic and Psychoeducation Services, 101 Broad Street, New York, 12901, Plattsburgh – sequence: 5 givenname: Costel C. surname: Darie fullname: Darie, Costel C. organization: Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, New York, 13699-5810, Potsdam – sequence: 6 givenname: Alisa G. surname: Woods fullname: Woods, Alisa G. email: awoods@clarkson.edu organization: Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, New York, 13699-5810, Potsdam
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25626423$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Snippet	Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) prevalence is increasing, with current estimates at 1/68–1/50 individuals diagnosed with an ASD. Diagnosis is based on... Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) prevalence is increasing, with current estimates at 1/68-1/50 individuals diagnosed with an ASD. Diagnosis is based on...
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SubjectTerms	Adolescent ASD Autism Spectrum Disorder - metabolism biomarker signature Biomarkers - metabolism Child Child, Preschool diagnosis early detection Female Humans Male Mass Spectrometry Pilot Projects Proteome - metabolism proteomics Proteomics - statistics & numerical data Saliva - metabolism Salivary Proteins and Peptides - metabolism
Title	A Pilot Proteomic Analysis of Salivary Biomarkers in Autism Spectrum Disorder
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