Nanocellulose Production: Exploring the Enzymatic Route and Residues of Pulp and Paper Industry

Increasing environmental and sustainability concerns, caused by current population growth, has promoted a raising utilization of renewable bio-resources for the production of materials and energy. Recently, nanocellulose (NC) has been receiving great attention due to its many attractive features suc...

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Published in:	Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 25; no. 15; p. 3411
Main Authors:	Michelin, Michele, Gomes, Daniel G, Romaní, Aloia, Polizeli, Maria de Lourdes T M, Teixeira, José A
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Switzerland MDPI AG 28-07-2020 MDPI
Subjects:	Acids Biocompatibility Biodegradability Biodegradation Biodiesel fuels Biofuels biorefinery Cellulase cellulases Cellulases - chemistry Cellulose Cellulose - chemistry Cellulose fibers Chemical Industry Chemical treatment enzymatic hydrolysis Enzymes Ethanol eucalyptus Kraft pulp High temperature Hydrolysis Lignin Lignocellulose Mechanical properties nanocellulose Nanocrystals Nanofibers Nanofibers - chemistry Nanoparticles - chemistry Packaging Population growth Pretreatment Pulp & paper industry Regenerative medicine Residues Review Sugarcane Sustainability biorefinery nanocellulose eucalyptus Kraft pulp cellulases enzymatic hydrolysis
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Abstract	Increasing environmental and sustainability concerns, caused by current population growth, has promoted a raising utilization of renewable bio-resources for the production of materials and energy. Recently, nanocellulose (NC) has been receiving great attention due to its many attractive features such as non-toxic nature, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, associated with its mechanical properties and those related to its nanoscale, emerging as a promising material in many sectors, namely packaging, regenerative medicine, and electronics, among others. Nanofibers and nanocrystals, derived from cellulose sources, have been mainly produced by mechanical and chemical treatments; however, the use of cellulases to obtain NC attracted much attention due to their environmentally friendly character. This review presents an overview of general concepts in NC production. Especial emphasis is given to enzymatic hydrolysis processes using cellulases and the utilization of pulp and paper industry residues. Integrated process for the production of NC and other high-value products through enzymatic hydrolysis is also approached. Major challenges found in this context are discussed along with its properties, potential application, and future perspectives of the use of enzymatic hydrolysis as a pretreatment in the scale-up of NC production.
AbstractList	Increasing environmental and sustainability concerns, caused by current population growth, has promoted a raising utilization of renewable bio-resources for the production of materials and energy. Recently, nanocellulose (NC) has been receiving great attention due to its many attractive features such as non-toxic nature, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, associated with its mechanical properties and those related to its nanoscale, emerging as a promising material in many sectors, namely packaging, regenerative medicine, and electronics, among others. Nanofibers and nanocrystals, derived from cellulose sources, have been mainly produced by mechanical and chemical treatments; however, the use of cellulases to obtain NC attracted much attention due to their environmentally friendly character. This review presents an overview of general concepts in NC production. Especial emphasis is given to enzymatic hydrolysis processes using cellulases and the utilization of pulp and paper industry residues. Integrated process for the production of NC and other high-value products through enzymatic hydrolysis is also approached. Major challenges found in this context are discussed along with its properties, potential application, and future perspectives of the use of enzymatic hydrolysis as a pretreatment in the scale-up of NC production. Increasing environmental and sustainability concerns, caused by current population growth, has promoted a raising utilization of renewable bio-resources for the production of materials and energy. Recently, nanocellulose (NC) has been receiving great attention due to its many attractive features such as non-toxic nature, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, associated with its mechanical properties and those related to its nanoscale, emerging as a promising material in many sectors, namely packaging, regenerative medicine, and electronics, among others. Nanofibers and nanocrystals, derived from cellulose sources, have been mainly produced by mechanical and chemical treatments; however, the use of cellulases to obtain NC attracted much attention due to their environmentally friendly character. This review presents an overview of general concepts in NC production. Especial emphasis is given to enzymatic hydrolysis processes using cellulases and the utilization of pulp and paper industry residues. Integrated process for the production of NC and other high-value products through enzymatic hydrolysis is also approached. Major challenges found in this context are discussed along with its properties, potential application, and future perspectives of the use of enzymatic hydrolysis as a pretreatment in the scale-up of NC production.Increasing environmental and sustainability concerns, caused by current population growth, has promoted a raising utilization of renewable bio-resources for the production of materials and energy. Recently, nanocellulose (NC) has been receiving great attention due to its many attractive features such as non-toxic nature, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, associated with its mechanical properties and those related to its nanoscale, emerging as a promising material in many sectors, namely packaging, regenerative medicine, and electronics, among others. Nanofibers and nanocrystals, derived from cellulose sources, have been mainly produced by mechanical and chemical treatments; however, the use of cellulases to obtain NC attracted much attention due to their environmentally friendly character. This review presents an overview of general concepts in NC production. Especial emphasis is given to enzymatic hydrolysis processes using cellulases and the utilization of pulp and paper industry residues. Integrated process for the production of NC and other high-value products through enzymatic hydrolysis is also approached. Major challenges found in this context are discussed along with its properties, potential application, and future perspectives of the use of enzymatic hydrolysis as a pretreatment in the scale-up of NC production.
Author	Polizeli, Maria de Lourdes T M Gomes, Daniel G Michelin, Michele Romaní, Aloia Teixeira, José A
AuthorAffiliation	1 CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; mimichelin@ceb.uminho.pt (M.M.); aloia@ceb.uminho.pt (A.R.); jateixeira@deb.uminho.pt (J.A.T.) 2 Department of Biology, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto SP 14040-901, Brazil; polizeli@ffclrp.usp.br
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 2 Department of Biology, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto SP 14040-901, Brazil; polizeli@ffclrp.usp.br – name: 1 CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; mimichelin@ceb.uminho.pt (M.M.); aloia@ceb.uminho.pt (A.R.); jateixeira@deb.uminho.pt (J.A.T.)
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Michele surname: Michelin fullname: Michelin, Michele organization: CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal – sequence: 2 givenname: Daniel G orcidid: 0000-0003-2758-8716 surname: Gomes fullname: Gomes, Daniel G organization: CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal – sequence: 3 givenname: Aloia surname: Romaní fullname: Romaní, Aloia organization: CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal – sequence: 4 givenname: Maria de Lourdes T M orcidid: 0000-0002-5026-6363 surname: Polizeli fullname: Polizeli, Maria de Lourdes T M organization: Department of Biology, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto SP 14040-901, Brazil – sequence: 5 givenname: José A orcidid: 0000-0002-4918-3704 surname: Teixeira fullname: Teixeira, José A organization: CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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SubjectTerms	Acids Biocompatibility Biodegradability Biodegradation Biodiesel fuels Biofuels biorefinery Cellulase cellulases Cellulases - chemistry Cellulose Cellulose - chemistry Cellulose fibers Chemical Industry Chemical treatment enzymatic hydrolysis Enzymes Ethanol eucalyptus Kraft pulp High temperature Hydrolysis Lignin Lignocellulose Mechanical properties nanocellulose Nanocrystals Nanofibers Nanofibers - chemistry Nanoparticles - chemistry Packaging Population growth Pretreatment Pulp & paper industry Regenerative medicine Residues Review Sugarcane Sustainability
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Title	Nanocellulose Production: Exploring the Enzymatic Route and Residues of Pulp and Paper Industry
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