Dietary environmental impacts relative to planetary boundaries for six environmental indicators – A population-based study

• Published in: Journal of cleaner production Vol. 373; p. 133949
• Main Authors: Hallström, E., Davis, J., Håkansson, N., Ahlgren, S., Åkesson, A., Wolk, A., Sonesson, U.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier Ltd 01-11-2022
• Subjects: Animals; Dietary intake; Dietary intakes; Environmental impact; Environmental indicators; Extinction rates; Gas emissions; Gender; Genders; Greenhouse gas emissions; Greenhouse gases; Life cycle; Life cycle assessment; Medicin och hälsovetenskap; Nitrogen; Nutrition; Phosphorus; Planetary boundaries; Planetary boundary; Uncertainty; Use rate; Water use; Life cycle assessment; Genders; Uncertainty; Dietary intake; Planetary boundaries; Environmental impact
• ISSN: 0959-6526; 1879-1786
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133949

The environmental impact of Swedish diets was assessed for six indicators (greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions, cropland use, nitrogen application, phosphorus application, consumptive water use and extinction rate), using self-reported food intake within two population-based cohorts of men and women, 56–96 years of age. The dietary environmental impact was assessed in relation to per capita planetary boundaries, overall and by population subgroups, addressing the relative importance of specific foods and food groups. The total average dietary impact exceeded the planetary boundaries by 1.6 to 4-fold for five of the six environmental indicators; consumptive water use did not exceed the boundaries. Comparing the highest with lowest quintiles of the population impact showed >2.5-fold differences across all environmental indicators. Of the diet's total average environmental impact, animal-based, plant-based and discretionary foods accounted for 28–83%, 8–40% and 9–37%, respectively, across the six indicators. Animal-based foods dominated the impact on GHG emissions, cropland use and nitrogen and phosphorus application, while plant-based and discretionary foods contributed more to consumptive water use and extinction rate. Environmental impact was driven predominantly by consumption of red meat, dairy, fresh fruit and coffee. The findings show major challenges in affluent countries that have to be addressed to achieving sustainable food production systems and diets. They provide guidance on critical food groups, environmental indicators and population subgroups to prioritize in future efforts to reduce the environmental impact.
•Impact of self-reported diets in Swedish adults on six environmental indicators.•Planetary boundaries were exceeded up to 4-fold by all indicators except water use.•Environmental impact varied >2.5-fold between population subgroups.•Options for reduced dietary environmental impact varied depending on indicator used.•Identification of critical foods and indicators to prioritize in future policies.