Clinicopathological study of ophthalmic cutaneous and mucocutaneous non-langerhans cell histiocytic lesions

• Published in: BMC ophthalmology Vol. 24; no. 1; p. 124
• Main Authors: Alkatan, Hind Manaa, Fatani, Dalal R, Maktabi, Azza M Y, Alzahem, Tariq A
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England BioMed Central Ltd 19-03-2024; BioMed Central; BMC
• Subjects: Adult; Age; Choroid; Cornea; Diagnosis; Disease; Eyelid; Face; Female; Females; Glaucoma; Histiocytes; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Infant; Iris; Lesions; Male; Males; Medical research; Medicine, Experimental; Non-langerhans; Patients; Retrospective Studies; Skin; Skin diseases; Skin Neoplasms; Tumors; Xanthogranuloma; Xanthogranuloma, Juvenile - diagnosis; Xanthogranuloma, Juvenile - metabolism; Xanthogranuloma, Juvenile - pathology; Juvenile; Non-langerhans; Eyelid; Iris; Hyphema; Xanthogranuloma; Choroid; Histiocytes
• ISSN: 1471-2415; 1471-2415
• DOI: 10.1186/s12886-024-03388-8

The "C group" of the histiocytic disorders is characterized by non-Langerhans-cell histiocytic lesions in the skin, mucosal surfaces, or both, out of which Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) is the most common typically affecting the skin. The eye is the most common extra-cutaneous site of JXG., we aim at providing our clinical and histopathological experience with this group of diseases including the adult-onset xanthogranuloma (AXG).
This is a retrospective cohort study of all patients with the tissue diagnosis of ocular and periocular cutaneous and mucocutaneous non-LCH disorders who presented to us over a period of 25 years (January 1993 to December 2018).
Twenty patients were diagnosed as "Group C" disease with an age range of 2 months-60.9 years. Eleven patients were females (55%) and nine were males (45%). The involvement was mostly unilateral in 80.9%. All cases fell into the xanthogranuloma family with 11 JXG patients, 8 AXG patients of skin and ocular surface, and one patient with solitary reticulohistiocytoma (SRH). The clinical site of involvement in JXG was primarily in the eyelid in 5 patients (45%), ocular surface lesions in 2 (18%), iris in 2 (18%), choroidal and bilateral orbital lesions in 1 patient each (9%). The group of AXG, presented equally with eyelid lesions in 4/8 and ocular surface lesions in 4/8. The non-Langerhans' histiocytic infiltrate showed supportive immunohistochemical staining properties (reactive to CD68 marker and negative to S-100 and langerin markers).
Among the rare histiocytic disorders, xanthogranulomatosis is the commonest and has wide clinical manifestations. Accurate diagnosis needs to be supported by typical histopathological findings. JXG was the commonest in our study with relatively older mean age at presentation and frequent eyelid rather than iris involvement. AXG is often confused with xanthelasma when involving the eyelids with corneal limbal involvement is relatively frequent.