Effect Modification between Genes and Environment and Parkinson's Disease Risk

• Published in: Annals of neurology Vol. 92; no. 5; pp. 715 - 724
• Main Authors: Periñán, Maria Teresa, Brolin, Kajsa, Bandres‐Ciga, Sara, Blauwendraat, Cornelis, Klein, Christine, Gan‐Or, Ziv, Singleton, Andrew, Gomez‐Garre, Pilar, Swanberg, Maria, Mir, Pablo, Noyce, Alastair
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Hoboken, USA John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01-11-2022; Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
• Subjects: Basic Medicine; Environmental factors; Etiology; Genetic factors; Health risks; Humans; Medical and Health Sciences; Medical Genetics; Medicin och hälsovetenskap; Medicinsk genetik; Medicinska och farmaceutiska grundvetenskaper; Movement disorders; Neurodegenerative diseases; Parkinson Disease - epidemiology; Parkinson Disease - genetics; Parkinson's disease; Penetrance; Review
• ISSN: 0364-5134; 1531-8249
• DOI: 10.1002/ana.26467

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative condition in which genetic and environmental factors interact to contribute to its etiology. Remarkable progress has been made in deciphering disease etiology through genetic approaches, but there is limited data about how environmental and genetic factors interact to modify penetrance, risk, and disease severity. Here, we provide insights into environmental modifiers of PD, discussing precedents from other neurological and non‐neurological conditions. Based on these examples, we outline genetic and environmental factors contributing to PD and review potential environmental modifiers of penetrance and clinical variability in monogenic and idiopathic PD. We also highlight the potential challenges and propose how future studies might tackle these important questions. ANN NEUROL 2022;92:715–724