Depression and Anxiety in Visually Impaired Older People

• Published in: Ophthalmology (Rochester, Minn.) Vol. 114; no. 2; pp. 283 - 288
• Main Authors: Evans, Jennifer R., PhD, Fletcher, Astrid E., PhD, Wormald, Richard P.L., FRCOphth
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York, NY Elsevier Inc 01-02-2007; Elsevier
• Subjects: Adult and adolescent clinical studies; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anxiety Disorders - diagnosis; Anxiety Disorders - epidemiology; Biological and medical sciences; Cross-Sectional Studies; Depression; Depressive Disorder - diagnosis; Depressive Disorder - epidemiology; Female; Humans; Male; Medical sciences; Miscellaneous; Mood disorders; Ophthalmology; Prevalence; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry; Psychopathology. Psychiatry; Surveys and Questionnaires; United Kingdom - epidemiology; Vision Disorders - diagnosis; Vision Disorders - epidemiology; Visual Acuity; Visually Impaired Persons - statistics & numerical data; Mood disorder; Depression; Anxiety; Ophthalmology
• ISSN: 0161-6420; 1549-4713
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.10.006

Purpose To investigate the association between visual impairment and depression and anxiety in older people in Britain. Design Population-based cross-sectional study. Participants Thirteen thousand nine hundred people aged 75 years and older in 49 family practices in Britain. Methods Vision was measured in 13 900 people aged 75 years and older in 49 family practices taking part in a randomized trial of health screening that included depression (Geriatric Depression Scale [GDS-15]) and anxiety (General Health Questionnaire [GHQ-28]). Cause of visual impairment (binocular acuity less than 6/18) was assessed from medical records. Analysis was by logistic regression (odds ratio [OR] and 95% confidence interval [CI]), taking account of potential health and social confounders. Main Outcome Measures Levels of depression and anxiety. Results Visually impaired people had a higher prevalence of depression compared with people with good vision. Of visually impaired older people, 13.5% were depressed (GDS-15 score of 6 or more) compared with 4.6% of people with good vision (age- and gender-adjusted OR, 2.69; 95% CI, 2.03–3.56). Controlling for potential confounding factors, particularly activities of daily living, markedly attenuated the association between visual impairment and depression (OR, 1.26; 95% CI, 0.94–1.70). There was little evidence for any association between visual impairment and anxiety. On the GHQ-28 scale, 9.3% of visually impaired people had 2 or more symptoms of anxiety compared with 7.4% of people with good vision. Conclusions Although cause and effect cannot be established in a cross-sectional study, it is plausible that people with visual impairment are more likely to experience problems with functioning, which in turn leads to depression.