A preliminary comparison of a songbird’s song repertoire size and other song measures between an urban and a rural site

• Published in: Ecology and evolution Vol. 12; no. 2; pp. e8602 - n/a
• Main Authors: Brewer, Dustin E., Fudickar, Adam M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01-02-2022; John Wiley and Sons Inc; Wiley
• Subjects: Anthropogenic factors; Autecology; Behavioural Ecology; Birds; Complexity; Evolutionary Ecology; Females; Males; Melospiza; Nature Notes; Noise; note rate; nutritional stress hypothesis; Peak frequency; Rural areas; Rural populations; Song; song complexity; song sparrow; Songbirds; Urban areas; Urban Ecology; Urban populations; Urbanization; Zoology; Indiana; United States > US; note rate; peak frequency; song sparrow; nutritional stress hypothesis; urbanization; song complexity
• ISSN: 2045-7758; 2045-7758
• DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8602

Characteristics of birdsong, especially minimum frequency, have been shown to vary for some species between urban and rural populations and along urban–rural gradients. However, few urban–rural comparisons of song complexity—and none that we know of based on the number of distinct song types in repertoires—have occurred. Given the potential ability of song repertoire size to indicate bird condition, we primarily sought to determine if number of distinct song types displayed by Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia) varied between an urban and a rural site. We determined song repertoire size of 24 individuals; 12 were at an urban (‘human‐dominated’) site and 12 were at a rural (‘agricultural’) site. Then, we compared song repertoire size, note rate, and peak frequency between these sites. Song repertoire size and note rate did not vary between our human‐dominated and agricultural sites. Peak frequency was greater at the agricultural site. Our finding that peak frequency was higher at the agricultural site compared to the human‐dominated site, contrary to many previous findings pertaining to frequency shifts in songbirds, warrants further investigation. Results of our pilot study suggest that song complexity may be less affected by anthropogenic factors in Song Sparrows than are frequency characteristics. Additional study, however, will be required to identify particular causal factors related to the trends that we report and to replicate, ideally via multiple urban–rural pairings, so that broader generalization is possible.
Urban factors are known to influence the health of birds, which could be indicated by vocal signals like song type repertoire size. We compared song type repertoire size, and other characteristics related to song, between an urban and rural site in Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia). Our results suggest that song type repertoire size was not affected by urban factors, though urban birds tended to sing songs with a lower peak frequency.