Multi-instrumental observations of a positive gigantic jet produced by a winter thunderstorm in Europe

• Published in: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 115; no. D24
• Main Authors: van der Velde, Oscar A., Bór, József, Li, Jingbo, Cummer, Steven A., Arnone, Enrico, Zanotti, Ferruccio, Füllekrug, Martin, Haldoupis, Christos, NaitAmor, Samir, Farges, Thomas
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Washington, DC Blackwell Publishing Ltd 27-12-2010; American Geophysical Union
• Subjects: Altitude; atmospheric electricity; Atmospheric sciences; Earth sciences; Earth, ocean, space; Electromagnetic radiation; Electromagnetics; Exact sciences and technology; Geophysics; gigantic jets; Ionosphere; Lightning; Mediterranean Sea; sprites; Thunderstorms; Wind shear; Hungary; United States; Europe; Poland; Southern Europe; Italy; France; Central Europe; Corsica; Mediterranean Basin; Western Europe; altitude; Night; clouds; ionosphere; North America; matching; duration; currents; amplitude; Light emission; conductivity; Winter; discharge; Triggering; Ground discharge; haloes; Perturbation; Thunderstorm; Lightning; Jet; electron density; waveforms; Wind shear; Cloud top; Atmospheric electricity
• DOI: 10.1029/2010JD014442
• EISSN: 2156-2202; 2169-8996
• ISSN: 0148-0227; 2169-897X

At 2336:56 UTC on 12 December 2009, a bright gigantic jet (GJ) was recorded by an observer in Italy. Forty‐nine additional sprites, elves, halos and two cases of upward lightning were observed that night. The location of the GJ corresponded to a distinct cloud top (−34°C) west of Ajaccio, Corsica. The GJ reached approximately 91 km altitude, with a “trailing jet” reaching 49–59 km, matching with earlier reported GJs. The duration was short at 120–160 ms. This is the first documented GJ which emerged from a maritime winter thunderstorm only 6.5 km tall, showing high cloud tops are not required for initiation of GJs. In the presence of strong vertical wind shear, the meteorological situation was different from typical outbreaks of fall and winter thunderstorms in the Mediterranean. During the trailing jet phase of the GJ, a sprite with halo triggered by a nearby cloud‐to‐ground lightning flash occurred at a relatively low altitude (<72 km). At the same time, the trailing jet and beads were reilluminated. Electromagnetic waveforms from Hungary, Poland, and the USA revealed this GJ is the first reported to transfer negative charge (approximately 136 C) from the ionosphere to the positively charged origins in the cloud (i.e., a positive cloud‐to‐ionosphere discharge, +CI), with a large total charge moment change of 11600 C km and a maximum current of 3.3 kA. Early VLF transmitter amplitude perturbations detected concurrently with the GJ confirm the production of large conductivity changes due to electron density enhancements in the D‐region of the ionosphere.