Identification and Functional Analysis of NLP-Encoding Genes from the Postharvest Pathogen Penicillium expansum
is a major postharvest pathogen that infects different fruits, mainly through injuries inflicted during harvest or subsequent handling after harvest. Several effectors were suggested to mediate pathogenicity of in fruit tissue. Among these effectors Nep1-like proteins (NLPs), produced by various mic...
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| Published in: | Microorganisms (Basel) Vol. 7; no. 6; p. 175 |
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| Abstract | is a major postharvest pathogen that infects different fruits, mainly through injuries inflicted during harvest or subsequent handling after harvest. Several effectors were suggested to mediate pathogenicity of
in fruit tissue. Among these effectors Nep1-like proteins (NLPs), produced by various microorganisms with different lifestyles, are known for their ability to induce necrosis in dicot plants and were shown to be involved in virulence of several plant-related pathogens. This study was aimed at the identification and functional characterization of two NLP genes found in the genome of
. The genes were designated
and
and were found to code type1 and type3 NLP respectively. Necrosis-inducing activity of the two proteins was demonstrated by transient expression in
leaves. While
expression was induced during apple infection and in liquid culture, the highest level of
expression was found in ungerminated spores. Deletion of
, but not
, resulted in reduced virulence on apples manifested by reduced rate of lesion development (disease severity). |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | is a major postharvest pathogen that infects different fruits, mainly through injuries inflicted during harvest or subsequent handling after harvest. Several effectors were suggested to mediate pathogenicity of
in fruit tissue. Among these effectors Nep1-like proteins (NLPs), produced by various microorganisms with different lifestyles, are known for their ability to induce necrosis in dicot plants and were shown to be involved in virulence of several plant-related pathogens. This study was aimed at the identification and functional characterization of two NLP genes found in the genome of
. The genes were designated
and
and were found to code type1 and type3 NLP respectively. Necrosis-inducing activity of the two proteins was demonstrated by transient expression in
leaves. While
expression was induced during apple infection and in liquid culture, the highest level of
expression was found in ungerminated spores. Deletion of
, but not
, resulted in reduced virulence on apples manifested by reduced rate of lesion development (disease severity). Penicillium expansum is a major postharvest pathogen that infects different fruits, mainly through injuries inflicted during harvest or subsequent handling after harvest. Several effectors were suggested to mediate pathogenicity of P. expansum in fruit tissue. Among these effectors Nep1-like proteins (NLPs), produced by various microorganisms with different lifestyles, are known for their ability to induce necrosis in dicot plants and were shown to be involved in virulence of several plant-related pathogens. This study was aimed at the identification and functional characterization of two NLP genes found in the genome of P. expansum . The genes were designated Penlp1 and Penlp2 and were found to code type1 and type3 NLP respectively. Necrosis-inducing activity of the two proteins was demonstrated by transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. While Penlp1 expression was induced during apple infection and in liquid culture, the highest level of Penlp2 expression was found in ungerminated spores. Deletion of Penlp1 , but not Penlp2 , resulted in reduced virulence on apples manifested by reduced rate of lesion development (disease severity). Penicillium expansum is a major postharvest pathogen that infects different fruits, mainly through injuries inflicted during harvest or subsequent handling after harvest. Several effectors were suggested to mediate pathogenicity of P. expansum in fruit tissue. Among these effectors Nep1-like proteins (NLPs), produced by various microorganisms with different lifestyles, are known for their ability to induce necrosis in dicot plants and were shown to be involved in virulence of several plant-related pathogens. This study was aimed at the identification and functional characterization of two NLP genes found in the genome of P. expansum. The genes were designated Penlp1 and Penlp2 and were found to code type1 and type3 NLP respectively. Necrosis-inducing activity of the two proteins was demonstrated by transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. While Penlp1 expression was induced during apple infection and in liquid culture, the highest level of Penlp2 expression was found in ungerminated spores. Deletion of Penlp1, but not Penlp2, resulted in reduced virulence on apples manifested by reduced rate of lesion development (disease severity). |
| Author | Raphael, Ginat Droby, Samir Ma, Jing Aly, Radi Gonzalez-Candelas, Luis Ballester, Ana-Rosa Levin, Elena Feygenberg, Oleg Wisniewski, Michael Norelli, John |
| AuthorAffiliation | 3 Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustin Escardino 7, Paterna 46980, Valencia 46980, Spain; ballesterar@iata.csic.es (A.-R.B.); lgonzalez@iata.csic.es (L.G.-C.) 2 Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Wiltshire Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA; Jing.ma@ars.usda.gov (J.M.); jnorelli@afrs.ars.usda.gov (J.N.); michael.wisniewski@ars.usda.gov (M.W.) 1 Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; elena.levin@gmail.com (E.L.); pongie@volcani.agri.gov.il (G.R.); fgboleg@volcani.agri.gov.il (O.F.) 4 Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, ARO, the Volcani Center, Newe-Yaar Research Center, Ramat Yeshai 30095, Israel; radi@volcani.agri.gov.il |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 3 Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustin Escardino 7, Paterna 46980, Valencia 46980, Spain; ballesterar@iata.csic.es (A.-R.B.); lgonzalez@iata.csic.es (L.G.-C.) – name: 4 Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, ARO, the Volcani Center, Newe-Yaar Research Center, Ramat Yeshai 30095, Israel; radi@volcani.agri.gov.il – name: 2 Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Wiltshire Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA; Jing.ma@ars.usda.gov (J.M.); jnorelli@afrs.ars.usda.gov (J.N.); michael.wisniewski@ars.usda.gov (M.W.) – name: 1 Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; elena.levin@gmail.com (E.L.); pongie@volcani.agri.gov.il (G.R.); fgboleg@volcani.agri.gov.il (O.F.) |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Elena orcidid: 0000-0001-6398-9651 surname: Levin fullname: Levin, Elena email: elena.levin@gmail.com organization: Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel. elena.levin@gmail.com – sequence: 2 givenname: Ginat surname: Raphael fullname: Raphael, Ginat email: pongie@volcani.agri.gov.il organization: Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel. pongie@volcani.agri.gov.il – sequence: 3 givenname: Jing surname: Ma fullname: Ma, Jing email: Jing.ma@ars.usda.gov organization: Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Wiltshire Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA. Jing.ma@ars.usda.gov – sequence: 4 givenname: Ana-Rosa orcidid: 0000-0002-7688-7838 surname: Ballester fullname: Ballester, Ana-Rosa email: ballesterar@iata.csic.es organization: Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustin Escardino 7, Paterna 46980, Valencia 46980, Spain. ballesterar@iata.csic.es – sequence: 5 givenname: Oleg surname: Feygenberg fullname: Feygenberg, Oleg email: fgboleg@volcani.agri.gov.il organization: Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel. fgboleg@volcani.agri.gov.il – sequence: 6 givenname: John surname: Norelli fullname: Norelli, John email: jnorelli@afrs.ars.usda.gov organization: Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Wiltshire Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA. jnorelli@afrs.ars.usda.gov – sequence: 7 givenname: Radi surname: Aly fullname: Aly, Radi email: radi@volcani.agri.gov.il organization: Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, ARO, the Volcani Center, Newe-Yaar Research Center, Ramat Yeshai 30095, Israel. radi@volcani.agri.gov.il – sequence: 8 givenname: Luis orcidid: 0000-0002-2579-6880 surname: Gonzalez-Candelas fullname: Gonzalez-Candelas, Luis email: lgonzalez@iata.csic.es organization: Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustin Escardino 7, Paterna 46980, Valencia 46980, Spain. lgonzalez@iata.csic.es – sequence: 9 givenname: Michael surname: Wisniewski fullname: Wisniewski, Michael email: michael.wisniewski@ars.usda.gov organization: Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Wiltshire Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA. michael.wisniewski@ars.usda.gov – sequence: 10 givenname: Samir surname: Droby fullname: Droby, Samir email: samird@volcani.agri.gov.il organization: Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel. samird@volcani.agri.gov.il |
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| Keywords | apple pathogenicity effectors blue mold virulence Nep1 |
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| Title | Identification and Functional Analysis of NLP-Encoding Genes from the Postharvest Pathogen Penicillium expansum |
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