Strength of Flocs Formed by the Complexation of Lysozyme with Leonardite Humic Acid

Aggregation and aggregates properties of natural organic and nanosized macromolecules such as humic substances and proteins are crucial to explore so-called colloid-mediated transport and the fate of substances in soil and water environments. Therefore, the aggregation and dispersion, charging, and...

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Published in:	Polymers Vol. 12; no. 8; p. 1770
Main Authors:	Wan Abdul Khodir, Wan Khairunnisa, Hakim, Azizul, Kobayashi, Motoyoshi
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Basel MDPI AG 01-08-2020 MDPI
Subjects:	Acids Agglomeration Aggregates Enzymes Experiments Humic acids Humic substances Lysozyme Macromolecules Mass ratios Proteins Soil water Strength Volumetric analysis United States > US Japan Germany
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Abstract	Aggregation and aggregates properties of natural organic and nanosized macromolecules such as humic substances and proteins are crucial to explore so-called colloid-mediated transport and the fate of substances in soil and water environments. Therefore, the aggregation and dispersion, charging, and floc strength of lysozyme (LSZ)–leonardite humic acid (LHA) flocs were experimentally investigated. The experiments were performed in different salt concentrations and LSZ to LHA mass ratios as a function of pH. We obtained the stronger flocs at pH 4.4, where the isoelectric point (IEP) of the complex with the mass ratio 2.5 was confirmed. Thus, the aggregation of LSZ–LHA flocs is mainly caused by charge neutralization. We obtained the floc strength of 4.7 nN around IEP at low salt concentration of 3 mM, which was stronger than 2.8 nN in high salt concentration of 50 mM. The effect of salt concentration can be rationalized by charge-patch attraction at low salt concentration. With increasing mass ratio, the IEP shifted to higher pH. This is due to the increase in positive charge from LSZ in the mixture. The effect of the LSZ to LHA mass ratio on the maximum strength was weak in the range studied.
AbstractList	Aggregation and aggregates properties of natural organic and nanosized macromolecules such as humic substances and proteins are crucial to explore so-called colloid-mediated transport and the fate of substances in soil and water environments. Therefore, the aggregation and dispersion, charging, and floc strength of lysozyme (LSZ)–leonardite humic acid (LHA) flocs were experimentally investigated. The experiments were performed in different salt concentrations and LSZ to LHA mass ratios as a function of pH. We obtained the stronger flocs at pH 4.4, where the isoelectric point (IEP) of the complex with the mass ratio 2.5 was confirmed. Thus, the aggregation of LSZ–LHA flocs is mainly caused by charge neutralization. We obtained the floc strength of 4.7 nN around IEP at low salt concentration of 3 mM, which was stronger than 2.8 nN in high salt concentration of 50 mM. The effect of salt concentration can be rationalized by charge-patch attraction at low salt concentration. With increasing mass ratio, the IEP shifted to higher pH. This is due to the increase in positive charge from LSZ in the mixture. The effect of the LSZ to LHA mass ratio on the maximum strength was weak in the range studied.
Author	Kobayashi, Motoyoshi Hakim, Azizul Wan Abdul Khodir, Wan Khairunnisa
AuthorAffiliation	1 Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan; s1830239@s.tsukuba.ac.jp 2 Department of Soil Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh; ahakimsoil@cu.ac.bd 3 Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 2 Department of Soil Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh; ahakimsoil@cu.ac.bd – name: 3 Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan – name: 1 Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan; s1830239@s.tsukuba.ac.jp
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Wan Khairunnisa surname: Wan Abdul Khodir fullname: Wan Abdul Khodir, Wan Khairunnisa – sequence: 2 givenname: Azizul surname: Hakim fullname: Hakim, Azizul – sequence: 3 givenname: Motoyoshi orcidid: 0000-0003-4135-9821 surname: Kobayashi fullname: Kobayashi, Motoyoshi
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SubjectTerms	Acids Agglomeration Aggregates Enzymes Experiments Humic acids Humic substances Lysozyme Macromolecules Mass ratios Proteins Soil water Strength Volumetric analysis
Title	Strength of Flocs Formed by the Complexation of Lysozyme with Leonardite Humic Acid
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