A Comparative Analysis of Individual RAS Mutations in Cancer Biology
In human cells, three closely related RAS genes, termed HRAS, KRAS , and NRAS , encode four highly homologous proteins. RAS proteins are small GTPases involved in a broad spectrum of key molecular and cellular activities, including proliferation and survival among others. Gain-of-function missense m...
Saved in:
| Published in: | Frontiers in oncology Vol. 9; p. 1088 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors: | , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A
18-10-2019
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| Abstract | In human cells, three closely related
RAS
genes, termed
HRAS, KRAS
, and
NRAS
, encode four highly homologous proteins. RAS proteins are small GTPases involved in a broad spectrum of key molecular and cellular activities, including proliferation and survival among others. Gain-of-function missense mutations, mostly located at codons 12, 13, and 61, constitutively activate RAS proteins and can be detected in various types of human cancers.
KRAS
is the most frequently mutated, followed by
NRAS
and
HRAS
. However, each isoform exhibits distinctive mutation frequency at each codon, supporting the hypothesis that different RAS mutants may lead to distinct biologic manifestations. This review is focused on the differences in signaling and phenotype, as well as on transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics profiles related to individual RAS-mutated variants. Additionally, association of these mutants with particular targeted outcomes and rare mutations at additional RAS codons are discussed. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | In human cells, three closely related
RAS
genes, termed
HRAS, KRAS
, and
NRAS
, encode four highly homologous proteins. RAS proteins are small GTPases involved in a broad spectrum of key molecular and cellular activities, including proliferation and survival among others. Gain-of-function missense mutations, mostly located at codons 12, 13, and 61, constitutively activate RAS proteins and can be detected in various types of human cancers.
KRAS
is the most frequently mutated, followed by
NRAS
and
HRAS
. However, each isoform exhibits distinctive mutation frequency at each codon, supporting the hypothesis that different RAS mutants may lead to distinct biologic manifestations. This review is focused on the differences in signaling and phenotype, as well as on transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics profiles related to individual RAS-mutated variants. Additionally, association of these mutants with particular targeted outcomes and rare mutations at additional RAS codons are discussed. In human cells, three closely related RAS genes, termed HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS, encode four highly homologous proteins. RAS proteins are small GTPases involved in a broad spectrum of key molecular and cellular activities, including proliferation and survival among others. Gain-of-function missense mutations, mostly located at codons 12, 13, and 61, constitutively activate RAS proteins and can be detected in various types of human cancers. KRAS is the most frequently mutated, followed by NRAS and HRAS. However, each isoform exhibits distinctive mutation frequency at each codon, supporting the hypothesis that different RAS mutants may lead to distinct biologic manifestations. This review is focused on the differences in signaling and phenotype, as well as on transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics profiles related to individual RAS-mutated variants. Additionally, association of these mutants with particular targeted outcomes and rare mutations at additional RAS codons are discussed. |
| Author | Zimmer, Yitzhak Muñoz-Maldonado, Carmen Medová, Michaela |
| AuthorAffiliation | 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital , Bern , Switzerland 2 Radiation Oncology, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 2 Radiation Oncology, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland – name: 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital , Bern , Switzerland |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Carmen surname: Muñoz-Maldonado fullname: Muñoz-Maldonado, Carmen – sequence: 2 givenname: Yitzhak surname: Zimmer fullname: Zimmer, Yitzhak – sequence: 3 givenname: Michaela surname: Medová fullname: Medová, Michaela |
| BookMark | eNpVkctrGzEQxkVJadI051517MWORo9d7aXgui9DSqEP6E3MSlpXYS250q7B_33lOJRmLjPMfPw-mO8luYgpekJeA1sKobvbIUW75Ay6JQOm9TNyxbmQi06KXxf_zZfkppR7VqtRVShekEsBjYYGmivyfkXXabfHjFM4eLqKOB5LKDQNdBNdOAQ340i_rb7TL_NUNSkWGiJdY7Q-03chjWl7fEWeDzgWf_PYr8nPjx9-rD8v7r5-2qxXdwurGJ8W2olB9lorJ1pACYpLBTBortqeOQu8U95KHLDuWyVa3w9C-p7bvncavBDXZHPmuoT3Zp_DDvPRJAzmYZHy1mCegh296S23om0dh4ZJ1SFKbDUfUEEHWC0r6-2ZtZ_7nXfWxynj-AT69BLDb7NNB1M_JzhjFfDmEZDTn9mXyexCsX4cMfo0F8MFQMclY22V3p6lNqdSsh_-2QAzpyjNKUpzitI8RCn-ApiDkZI |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cellsig_2022_110505 crossref_primary_10_2147_OTT_S340392 crossref_primary_10_17816_PAVLOVJ108986 crossref_primary_10_1134_S1062359023605888 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ejmech_2021_114088 crossref_primary_10_1084_jem_20222056 crossref_primary_10_1242_jcs_234930 crossref_primary_10_4155_fmc_2021_0332 crossref_primary_10_3389_fonc_2022_1055019 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bbrc_2023_01_019 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12964_021_00712_3 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_celrep_2021_109817 crossref_primary_10_1094_PHYTO_11_21_0457_R crossref_primary_10_3390_diagnostics11040659 crossref_primary_10_21101_cejph_a7219 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00066_023_02092_8 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_020_74610_y crossref_primary_10_7554_eLife_67172 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bbcan_2022_188736 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ygyno_2023_08_007 crossref_primary_10_1097_PPO_0000000000000616 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10120_024_01468_8 crossref_primary_10_2139_ssrn_4133892 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ctrv_2020_102070 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ygyno_2020_05_034 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms22126401 crossref_primary_10_1002_1878_0261_13593 crossref_primary_10_7554_eLife_79747 crossref_primary_10_3390_biom10111535 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms23031309 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jbior_2020_100778 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_lungcan_2021_07_005 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_lungcan_2023_107293 crossref_primary_10_1080_21541248_2020_1724596 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12887_021_02508_3 crossref_primary_10_1080_21655979_2021_1960715 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_022_12401_3 crossref_primary_10_1254_fpj_22148 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ejmech_2023_115124 crossref_primary_10_1097_DAD_0000000000001953 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12079_023_00747_w crossref_primary_10_18632_aging_204310 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0266143 crossref_primary_10_33483_jfpau_1008048 crossref_primary_10_1080_07391102_2020_1830177 crossref_primary_10_1091_mbc_E23_05_0152 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12967_024_05384_4 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41467_024_46835_2 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ejca_2021_06_043 crossref_primary_10_3390_biology10050396 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12551_021_00817_6 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms222212402 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ab_2021_114338 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_hpr_2023_300709 crossref_primary_10_3389_fgene_2022_872845 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ceb_2022_01_011 crossref_primary_10_3389_fonc_2023_1266996 crossref_primary_10_3390_pharmaceutics15041252 crossref_primary_10_3389_fonc_2020_01668 crossref_primary_10_7554_eLife_75715 crossref_primary_10_1200_PO_21_00223 crossref_primary_10_3390_ph14020096 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_lungcan_2021_10_008 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0300035 crossref_primary_10_1002_prot_26657 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12105_024_01623_8 crossref_primary_10_3389_fmolb_2021_677900 crossref_primary_10_3390_ani13182964 crossref_primary_10_3390_jcm10102219 crossref_primary_10_3390_membranes11120919 crossref_primary_10_2478_rrlm_2021_0035 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41416_023_02229_7 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41587_021_00901_y crossref_primary_10_3390_cells10061275 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ajpath_2024_02_018 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bbadis_2023_166721 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41420_023_01718_1 crossref_primary_10_1186_s13046_021_02025_2 crossref_primary_10_3389_fonc_2023_1200897 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_crstbi_2023_100115 crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_nanolett_1c03886 crossref_primary_10_3389_fonc_2024_1412435 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_celrep_2022_110569 crossref_primary_10_26442_20751753_2022_5_201796 crossref_primary_10_3390_cells11040702 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_drup_2021_100796 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_csbj_2021_09_029 crossref_primary_10_1093_pnasnexus_pgac084 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms21124325 crossref_primary_10_1002_jev2_12307 crossref_primary_10_1155_2024_1529449 crossref_primary_10_21294_1814_4861_2024_23_2_72_81 crossref_primary_10_3390_cancers16010032 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_nbd_2023_106074 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_snb_2023_133517 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jgeb_2024_100378 crossref_primary_10_3389_fphar_2021_710304 crossref_primary_10_1126_sciadv_abm2059 crossref_primary_10_1002_bmc_5629 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bios_2023_115492 crossref_primary_10_3389_fcell_2022_987754 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ejca_2021_01_055 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12885_021_07858_w crossref_primary_10_3390_ani10010138 crossref_primary_10_1002_bies_202000262 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41467_023_43654_9 crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_2120512119 crossref_primary_10_3390_cancers13081770 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41467_023_36744_1 crossref_primary_10_3892_etm_2020_8454 crossref_primary_10_1093_bioinformatics_btaa972 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41557_023_01345_4 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12920_022_01277_x crossref_primary_10_3390_biomedicines9111599 crossref_primary_10_3390_cells10040950 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jbior_2022_100936 crossref_primary_10_7759_cureus_53119 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10555_020_09912_8 crossref_primary_10_1021_jacsau_3c00151 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_csbj_2020_04_003 crossref_primary_10_1242_jcs_259949 crossref_primary_10_1177_17534666211066064 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms21165691 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ab_2022_115019 crossref_primary_10_1084_jem_20192205 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_csbj_2021_12_007 crossref_primary_10_33435_tcandtc_1140158 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_isci_2023_105931 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jid_2023_01_006 crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_jproteome_1c00293 crossref_primary_10_1080_10520295_2023_2196731 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_yao_2023_01_011 crossref_primary_10_1038_s10038_020_0794_y crossref_primary_10_1007_s11912_021_01022_0 crossref_primary_10_2478_rjr_2021_0017 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_biopha_2021_112170 crossref_primary_10_3390_pharmaceutics15061686 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3839 10.18632/oncotarget.1958 10.1097/PPO.0b013e31824d448c 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.11.091 10.1126/science.1252787 10.1007/s00535-013-0767-4 10.1016/j.molonc.2015.04.001 10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-15-0203 10.1038/ncb783 10.1073/pnas.82.11.3596 10.1007/s13277-015-4523-7 10.1038/ng.2481 10.1073/pnas.81.13.4008 10.1016/j.ceb.2006.06.007 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.038 10.1038/nrc3106 10.1038/10067 10.1038/srep28398 10.1016/j.lungcan.2015.09.012 10.1038/sj.embor.7400397 10.1038/onc.2011.430 10.1186/s13046-019-1292-y 10.1038/ng.115 10.1021/pr501191a 10.1097/01243894-200601000-00004 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.08.023 10.1128/MCB.01218-09 10.1038/sj.onc.1201284 10.1128/MCB.6.12.4214 10.1001/jama.2010.1535 10.1074/jbc.M010573200 10.1016/j.cell.2009.05.006 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-13-1727 10.1016/j.jid.2016.05.098 10.1038/srep08535 10.1038/312071a0 10.1038/sj.onc.1209254 10.1093/jnci/djr523 10.1074/jbc.274.24.17164 10.2147/CEG.S30281 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.11.015 10.1038/ctg.2016.18 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605534 10.1073/pnas.92.5.1709 10.1074/mcp.M116.063883 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-0192 10.1002/jcp.21367 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-5644 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-2612 10.1002/ijc.21386 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.03.001 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90270-9 10.18632/oncotarget.2954 10.1038/s41568-018-0076-6 10.1007/s00384-019-03344-9 10.1073/pnas.89.12.5408 10.1182/blood-2008-04-152157 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-18-1220 10.1093/carcin/bgl063 10.1200/JCO.2012.42.2592 10.1016/j.cllc.2018.08.005 10.1101/gad.11.19.2468 10.1200/JCO.2009.21.9170 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90495-2 10.1128/MCB.8.6.2472 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-14-0729 10.1128/MCB.19.9.5892 10.1002/ijc.30591 10.1128/MCB.21.5.1444-1452.2001 10.1007/s00018-007-7133-8 10.1128/MCB.26.1.100-116.2006 10.1001/jamasurg.2015.0313 10.1124/pr.117.014415 10.1038/s41416-019-0477-7 10.1016/j.molcel.2006.01.012 10.1038/nrm2438 10.1007/s12032-013-0650-4 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | Copyright © 2019 Muñoz-Maldonado, Zimmer and Medová. 2019 Muñoz-Maldonado, Zimmer and Medová |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: Copyright © 2019 Muñoz-Maldonado, Zimmer and Medová. 2019 Muñoz-Maldonado, Zimmer and Medová |
| DBID | AAYXX CITATION 7X8 5PM DOA |
| DOI | 10.3389/fonc.2019.01088 |
| DatabaseName | CrossRef MEDLINE - Academic PubMed Central (Full Participant titles) Directory of Open Access Journals |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitleList | |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: DOA name: Directory of Open Access Journals url: http://www.doaj.org/ sourceTypes: Open Website |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Medicine |
| EISSN | 2234-943X |
| EndPage | 1088 |
| ExternalDocumentID | oai_doaj_org_article_bc2c377d2160459aa4a782fa5191af82 10_3389_fonc_2019_01088 |
| GroupedDBID | 53G 5VS 9T4 AAFWJ AAKDD AAYXX ACGFO ACGFS ACXDI ADBBV ADRAZ AFPKN ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS AOIJS BAWUL BCNDV CITATION DIK EBS EJD EMOBN GROUPED_DOAJ GX1 HYE IAO IEA IHR IHW KQ8 M48 M~E OK1 PGMZT RNS RPM 7X8 5PM |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c502t-8d3f4b885d371a41524511f8257b0dc1295ec4afa2457537ebf34eb2cbbd81e33 |
| IEDL.DBID | RPM |
| ISSN | 2234-943X |
| IngestDate | Tue Oct 22 15:16:07 EDT 2024 Tue Sep 17 21:27:30 EDT 2024 Fri Oct 25 06:57:43 EDT 2024 Thu Sep 26 16:24:22 EDT 2024 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | true |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Language | English |
| License | This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c502t-8d3f4b885d371a41524511f8257b0dc1295ec4afa2457537ebf34eb2cbbd81e33 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-3 content type line 23 ObjectType-Review-1 Edited by: Alessandro Rimessi, University of Ferrara, Italy Reviewed by: Kevin Haigis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, United States; Campbell Gourlay, University of Kent, United Kingdom This article was submitted to Molecular and Cellular Oncology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Oncology |
| OpenAccessLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6813200/ |
| PMID | 31681616 |
| PQID | 2311924007 |
| PQPubID | 23479 |
| PageCount | 1 |
| ParticipantIDs | doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_bc2c377d2160459aa4a782fa5191af82 pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_6813200 proquest_miscellaneous_2311924007 crossref_primary_10_3389_fonc_2019_01088 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2019-10-18 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2019-10-18 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 10 year: 2019 text: 2019-10-18 day: 18 |
| PublicationDecade | 2010 |
| PublicationTitle | Frontiers in oncology |
| PublicationYear | 2019 |
| Publisher | Frontiers Media S.A |
| Publisher_xml | – name: Frontiers Media S.A |
| References | Petrelli (B68) 2013; 30 Rocks (B21) 2006; 18 Margonis (B73) 2015; 15 Burd (B24) 2014; 4 Roberts (B42) 2006; 118 Poulin (B61) 2019; 9 Omerovic (B15) 2007; 64 Goitre (B1) 2014 Lacal (B64) 1986; 44 Der (B8) 1986; 44 Pincus (B26) 1985; 82 Fasano (B63) 1984; 81 Matallanas (B20) 2006; 26 Shahbazian (B54) 2010; 30 Bournet (B78) 2016; 7 Chiu (B18) 2002; 4 Luo (B52) 2009; 137 Doll (B53) 2017; 16 Leiser (B75) 2015; 9 Janakiraman (B62) 2010; 70 Bivona (B19) 2006; 21 Charafe-Jauffret (B43) 2006; 25 Rosseland (B33) 2008; 215 Haigis (B28) 2008; 40 Baker (B34) 2014; 20 Davies (B48) 2012; 18 Allegra (B69) 2009; 27 Karnoub (B9) 2008; 9 Johnson (B10) 1997; 11 Akagi (B59) 2007; 352 Pylayeva-Gupta (B3) 2013; 11 Tyner (B60) 2009; 113 de Atauri (B57) 2011; 1807 Renaud (B77) 2018; 19 Potenza (B14); 6 Fiala (B72) 2016; 37 Feig (B58) 1988; 8 Li (B4) 2018; 18 Joneson (B36) 1999; 19 Tepjar (B71) 2012; 30 Keohavong (B67) 1996; 2 Roy (B16) 1999; 1 Ihle (B23) 2012; 104 Tang (B31) 2017; 140 Charitou (B40) 2019; 121 Posch (B55) 2016; 136 Borgo (B56) 2019; 38 Esteban (B13) 2001; 21 De Rock (B70) 2010; 304 Yan (B35) 2018; 70 Brunelli (B39) 2016; 6 Nakanishi (B51) 2013; 45 Santra (B41) 2019; 26 Prior (B2) 2012; 72 Silvente-Poirot (B46) 2014; 343 Gabitova (B45) 2015; 12 Boeck (B79) 2013; 48 Seeburg (B7) 1984; 312 Smid (B44) 2008; 68 Jiang (B47) 2015; 6 Hammond (B49) 2015; 14 Stolze (B6) 2015; 5 Walsh (B30) 2001; 276 Whipple (B32) 2012; 31 Hayama (B74) 2019; 34 Koera (B11) 1997; 15 Smith (B22) 2010; 102 Voice (B17) 1999; 274 Brunelli (B38) 2014; 5 Gagliardi (B50) 2012; 5 Céspedes (B27) 2006; 27 Lacal (B66) 1986; 6 Khan (B5) 2019; 54 Molina (B29) 2006; 1 Mellema (B76) 2015; 90 Hunter (B25) 2015; 13 Umanoff (B12) 1995; 92 Oberhammer (B37) 1992; 89 Tsukuda (B65) 2000; 278 |
| References_xml | – volume: 278 start-page: 653 year: 2000 ident: B65 article-title: A novel activating mutation of the K-ras gene in human primary colon adenocarcinoma publication-title: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3839 contributor: fullname: Tsukuda – volume: 5 start-page: 4722 year: 2014 ident: B38 article-title: Capturing the metabolomic diversity of KRAS mutants in nonsmall-cell lung cancer cells publication-title: Oncotarget. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.1958 contributor: fullname: Brunelli – volume: 18 start-page: 142 year: 2012 ident: B48 article-title: The role of the PI3K-AKT pathway in melanoma publication-title: Cancer J. doi: 10.1097/PPO.0b013e31824d448c contributor: fullname: Davies – volume: 352 start-page: 728 year: 2007 ident: B59 article-title: Characterization of a novel oncogenic K-ras mutation in colon cancer publication-title: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.11.091 contributor: fullname: Akagi – volume: 343 start-page: 1445 year: 2014 ident: B46 article-title: Cancer. Cholesterol and cancer, in the balance publication-title: Science. doi: 10.1126/science.1252787 contributor: fullname: Silvente-Poirot – volume: 48 start-page: 544 year: 2013 ident: B79 article-title: KRAS mutation status is not predictive for objective response to anti-EGFR treatment with erlotinib in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer publication-title: J Gastroenterol. doi: 10.1007/s00535-013-0767-4 contributor: fullname: Boeck – volume: 9 start-page: 1434 year: 2015 ident: B75 article-title: KRAS and HRAS mutations confer resistance to MET targeting in preclinical models of MET-expresing tumor cells publication-title: Mol Oncol. doi: 10.1016/j.molonc.2015.04.001 contributor: fullname: Leiser – volume: 13 start-page: 1325 year: 2015 ident: B25 article-title: Biochemical and structural analysis of common cancer-associated KRAS mutations publication-title: Mol Cancer Res. doi: 10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-15-0203 contributor: fullname: Hunter – volume: 4 start-page: 343 year: 2002 ident: B18 article-title: Ras signalling on the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi publication-title: Nat Cell Biol. doi: 10.1038/ncb783 contributor: fullname: Chiu – volume: 82 start-page: 3596 year: 1985 ident: B26 article-title: Structural effects of substitutions on the p21 proteins publication-title: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.11.3596 contributor: fullname: Pincus – volume: 37 start-page: 6823 year: 2016 ident: B72 article-title: G12V and G12A KRAS mutations are associated with poor outcome in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with bevacizumab publication-title: Tumor Biol. doi: 10.1007/s13277-015-4523-7 contributor: fullname: Fiala – volume: 45 start-page: 98 year: 2013 ident: B51 article-title: Dclk1 distinguishes between tumor and normal stem cells in the intestine publication-title: Nat Genet. doi: 10.1038/ng.2481 contributor: fullname: Nakanishi – volume: 81 start-page: 4008 year: 1984 ident: B63 article-title: Analysis of the transforming potential of the human H-ras gene by random mutagenesis publication-title: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.13.4008 contributor: fullname: Fasano – volume: 18 start-page: 351 year: 2006 ident: B21 article-title: Spatio-temporal segregation of Ras signals: one ship, three anchors, many harbors publication-title: Curr Opin Cell Biol. doi: 10.1016/j.ceb.2006.06.007 contributor: fullname: Rocks – volume: 26 start-page: 3100 year: 2019 ident: B41 article-title: an integrated global analysis of compartmentalized HRAS signaling publication-title: Cell Rep. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.038 contributor: fullname: Santra – volume: 11 start-page: 761 year: 2013 ident: B3 article-title: RAS oncogenes: weaving a tumorigenic web publication-title: Nat Rev Cancer. doi: 10.1038/nrc3106 contributor: fullname: Pylayeva-Gupta – volume: 1 start-page: 98 year: 1999 ident: B16 article-title: Dominant-negative caveolin inhibits H-Ras function by disrupting cholesterol-rich plasma membrane domains publication-title: Nat Cell Biol. doi: 10.1038/10067 contributor: fullname: Roy – volume: 6 start-page: 28398 year: 2016 ident: B39 article-title: Comparative metabolomics profiling of isogenic KRAS wild type and mutant NSCLC cells in vitro and in vivo publication-title: Sci Rep doi: 10.1038/srep28398 contributor: fullname: Brunelli – volume: 90 start-page: 249 year: 2015 ident: B76 article-title: Comparison of clinical outcome after first-line platinum-basedchemotherapy in different types of KRAS mutated advancednon-small-cell lung cancer publication-title: Lung Cancer. doi: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2015.09.012 contributor: fullname: Mellema – volume: 6 start-page: 432 ident: B14 article-title: Replacement of K-Ras with H-Ras supports normal embryonic development despite inducing cardiovascular pathology in adult mice publication-title: EMBO Rep doi: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400397 contributor: fullname: Potenza – volume: 31 start-page: 2535 year: 2012 ident: B32 article-title: A KrasG12D-driven genetic mouse model of pancreatic cancer requires glypican-1 for efficient proliferation and angiogenesis publication-title: Oncogene. doi: 10.1038/onc.2011.430 contributor: fullname: Whipple – volume: 38 start-page: 287 year: 2019 ident: B56 article-title: Role of protein kinase CK2 in antitumor drug resistance publication-title: J Exp Clin Cancer Res doi: 10.1186/s13046-019-1292-y contributor: fullname: Borgo – volume: 40 start-page: 600 year: 2008 ident: B28 article-title: Differential effects of oncogenic K-Ras and N-Ras on proliferation, differentiation and tumor progression in the colon publication-title: Nat Genet. doi: 10.1038/ng.115 contributor: fullname: Haigis – volume: 14 start-page: 1535 year: 2015 ident: B49 article-title: Differential reprogramming of isogenic colorectal cancer cells by distinct activating KRAS mutations publication-title: J Proteome Res doi: 10.1021/pr501191a contributor: fullname: Hammond – volume: 1 start-page: 7 year: 2006 ident: B29 article-title: The Ras/Raf/MAPK pathway publication-title: J Thorac Oncol. doi: 10.1097/01243894-200601000-00004 contributor: fullname: Molina – volume: 12 start-page: 1927 year: 2015 ident: B45 article-title: Endogenous sterol metabolites regulate growth of EGFR/KRAS-dependent tumors via LXR publication-title: Cell Rep. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.08.023 contributor: fullname: Gabitova – volume: 30 start-page: 1478 year: 2010 ident: B54 article-title: Control of cell survival and proliferation by mammalian eukaryotic initiation factor 4B publication-title: Mol Cell Biol. doi: 10.1128/MCB.01218-09 contributor: fullname: Shahbazian – volume: 15 start-page: 1151 year: 1997 ident: B11 article-title: K-ras is essential for the development of the mouse embryo publication-title: Oncogene. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1201284 contributor: fullname: Koera – volume: 6 start-page: 4241 year: 1986 ident: B66 article-title: Activation of ras p21 transforming properties associated with an increase in the release rate of bound guanine nucleotide publication-title: Mol Cell Biol. doi: 10.1128/MCB.6.12.4214 contributor: fullname: Lacal – volume: 304 start-page: 1812 year: 2010 ident: B70 article-title: Association of KRAS p.G13D mutation with outcome in patients with chemotherapy-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer treated with cetuximab publication-title: JAMA. doi: 10.1001/jama.2010.1535 contributor: fullname: De Rock – volume: 276 start-page: 15609 year: 2001 ident: B30 article-title: Differential activation of the Rac pathway by Ha-Ras and K-Ras publication-title: J Biol Chem. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M010573200 contributor: fullname: Walsh – volume: 137 start-page: 835 year: 2009 ident: B52 article-title: Genome-wide RNAi screen identifies multiple synthetic lethal interactions with the Ras oncogene publication-title: Cell. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.05.006 contributor: fullname: Luo – volume: 20 start-page: 4740 year: 2014 ident: B34 article-title: Molecular pathways: targeting RAC-p21-activated serine- threonine kinase signaling in RAS-driven cancers publication-title: Clin Cancer Res. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-13-1727 contributor: fullname: Baker – volume: 136 start-page: 2041 year: 2016 ident: B55 article-title: Phosphoproteomic analyses of NRAS(G12) and NRAS(Q61) mutant melanocytes reveal increased CK2α kinase levels in NRAS(Q61) mutant cells publication-title: J Invest Dermatol. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.05.098 contributor: fullname: Posch – volume: 5 start-page: 8535 year: 2015 ident: B6 article-title: Comparative analysis of KRAS codon 12, 13, 18, 61, and 117 mutations using human MCF10A isogenic cell lines publication-title: Sci Rep doi: 10.1038/srep08535 contributor: fullname: Stolze – volume: 312 start-page: 71 year: 1984 ident: B7 article-title: Biological properties of human c-Ha-ras1 genes mutated at codon 12 publication-title: Nature. doi: 10.1038/312071a0 contributor: fullname: Seeburg – volume: 25 start-page: 2273 year: 2006 ident: B43 article-title: Gene expression profiling of breast cell lines identifies potential new basal markers publication-title: Oncogene. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209254 contributor: fullname: Charafe-Jauffret – volume: 104 start-page: 228 year: 2012 ident: B23 article-title: Effect of KRAS oncogene substitutions on protein behavior: implications for signaling and clinical outcome publication-title: J Natl Cancer Inst. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djr523 contributor: fullname: Ihle – volume: 274 start-page: 17164 year: 1999 ident: B17 article-title: Four human ras homologs differ in their abilities to activate Raf-1, induce transformation, and stimulate cell motility publication-title: J Biol Chem. doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.24.17164 contributor: fullname: Voice – volume: 5 start-page: 35 year: 2012 ident: B50 article-title: DCLK1 immunoreactivity in colorectal neoplasia publication-title: Clin Exp Gastroenterol doi: 10.2147/CEG.S30281 contributor: fullname: Gagliardi – volume: 2 start-page: 411 year: 1996 ident: B67 article-title: Detection of K-ras mutations in kung carcinomas: relationship to prognosis publication-title: Clin Cancer Res. contributor: fullname: Keohavong – volume: 1807 start-page: 764 year: 2011 ident: B57 article-title: Carbon metabolism and the sign of control coefficients in metabolic adaptations underlying K-ras transformation publication-title: Biochim Biophys Acta. doi: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.11.015 contributor: fullname: de Atauri – volume: 7 start-page: e157 year: 2016 ident: B78 article-title: KRAS G12D mutation subtype is a prognostic factor for advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma publication-title: Clin Transl Gastroenterol doi: 10.1038/ctg.2016.18 contributor: fullname: Bournet – volume: 102 start-page: 693 year: 2010 ident: B22 article-title: Activating K-Ras mutations outwith “hotspot” codons in sporadic colorectal tumours – implications for personalised cancer medicine publication-title: Br J Cancer. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605534 contributor: fullname: Smith – volume: 92 start-page: 1709 year: 1995 ident: B12 article-title: The murine N-ras gene is not essential for growth and development publication-title: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.5.1709 contributor: fullname: Umanoff – volume: 16 start-page: 39 year: 2017 ident: B53 article-title: Quantitative proteomics reveals fundamental regulatory differences in oncogenic HRAS and Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH1) driven astrocytoma publication-title: Mol Cell Proteomics. doi: 10.1074/mcp.M116.063883 contributor: fullname: Doll – volume: 70 start-page: 5901 year: 2010 ident: B62 article-title: Genomic and biological characterization of exon 4 KRAS mutations in human cancer publication-title: Cancer Res. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-0192 contributor: fullname: Janakiraman – volume: 215 start-page: 818 year: 2008 ident: B33 article-title: Distinct functions of H-Ras and K-Ras in proliferation and survival of primary hepatocytes due to selective activation of ERK and PI3K publication-title: J Cell Physiol. doi: 10.1002/jcp.21367 contributor: fullname: Rosseland – volume: 68 start-page: 3108 year: 2008 ident: B44 article-title: Subtypes of breast cancer show preferential site of relapse publication-title: Cancer Res. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-5644 contributor: fullname: Smid – volume: 72 start-page: 2457 year: 2012 ident: B2 article-title: A comprehensive survey of Ras mutations in cancer publication-title: Cancer Res. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-2612 contributor: fullname: Prior – volume: 118 start-page: 616 year: 2006 ident: B42 article-title: Microarray analysis of the differential transformation mediated by Kirsten and Harvey Ras oncogenes in a human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line publication-title: Int J Cancer. doi: 10.1002/ijc.21386 contributor: fullname: Roberts – volume: 54 start-page: 1 year: 2019 ident: B5 article-title: RAS-mediated oncogenic signaling pathways in human malignancies publication-title: Semin Cancer Biol doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.03.001 contributor: fullname: Khan – volume: 44 start-page: 609 year: 1986 ident: B64 article-title: Ras p21 Proteins with high or low GTPase activity can efficiently transform NIH/3T3 cells publication-title: Cell. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90270-9 contributor: fullname: Lacal – volume: 6 start-page: 2496 year: 2015 ident: B47 article-title: Clinically relevant genes and regulatory pathways associated with NRASQ61 mutations in melanoma through an integrative genomics approach publication-title: Oncotarget. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.2954 contributor: fullname: Jiang – volume: 18 start-page: 767 year: 2018 ident: B4 article-title: A model for RAS mutation patterns in cancers: finding the sweet spot publication-title: Nat Rev Cancer. doi: 10.1038/s41568-018-0076-6 contributor: fullname: Li – volume: 34 start-page: 1491 year: 2019 ident: B74 article-title: G12V and G12C mutations in the gene KRAS are associated with a poorer prognosis in primary colorectal cancer publication-title: Int J Colorectal Dis. doi: 10.1007/s00384-019-03344-9 contributor: fullname: Hayama – volume: 89 start-page: 5408 year: 1992 ident: B37 article-title: Induction of apoptosis in cultured hepatocytes and in the regressing liver by transforming growth factor-beta 1 occurs without activation of an endonuclease publication-title: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.12.5408 contributor: fullname: Oberhammer – volume: 113 start-page: 1749 year: 2009 ident: B60 article-title: High-throughput sequencing screen reveals novel, transforming RAS mutations in myeloid leukemia patients publication-title: Blood. doi: 10.1182/blood-2008-04-152157 contributor: fullname: Tyner – volume: 9 start-page: 738 year: 2019 ident: B61 article-title: Tissue-specific oncogenic activity of K-RasA146T publication-title: Cancer Discov. doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-18-1220 contributor: fullname: Poulin – volume: 27 start-page: 2190 year: 2006 ident: B27 article-title: K-ras Asp12 mutant neither interacts with Raf, nor signals through Erk and is less tumorigenic than K-ras Val12 publication-title: Carcinogenesis. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgl063 contributor: fullname: Céspedes – volume: 30 start-page: 3570 year: 2012 ident: B71 article-title: Association of KRAS G13D tumor mutations with outcome in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with first-line chemotherapy with or without cetuximab publication-title: J Clin Oncol. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2012.42.2592 contributor: fullname: Tepjar – volume: 19 start-page: 919 year: 2018 ident: B77 article-title: KRAS-specific amino acid substitutions are associated with different responses to chemotherapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer publication-title: Clin Lung Cancer. doi: 10.1016/j.cllc.2018.08.005 contributor: fullname: Renaud – volume: 11 start-page: 2468 year: 1997 ident: B10 article-title: K-ras is an essential gene in the mouse with partial functional overlap with N-ras publication-title: Genes Dev. doi: 10.1101/gad.11.19.2468 contributor: fullname: Johnson – volume: 27 start-page: 2091 year: 2009 ident: B69 article-title: American Society of Clinical Oncology provisional clinical opinion: testing for KRAS gene mutations in patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma to predict response to anti-epidermal frowth factor receptor monoclonal antibody therapy publication-title: J Clin Oncol. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2009.21.9170 contributor: fullname: Allegra – volume-title: Ras Signaling Methods and Protocols year: 2014 ident: B1 contributor: fullname: Goitre – volume: 44 start-page: 167 year: 1986 ident: B8 article-title: Biological and biochemical properties of human rasH genes mutated at codon 61 publication-title: Cell. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90495-2 contributor: fullname: Der – volume: 8 start-page: 2472 year: 1988 ident: B58 article-title: Relationship among guanine nucleotide exchange, GTP hydrolysis, and transforming potential of mutated ras proteins publication-title: Mol Cell Biol. doi: 10.1128/MCB.8.6.2472 contributor: fullname: Feig – volume: 4 start-page: 1418 year: 2014 ident: B24 article-title: Mutation-specific RAS oncogenicity explains NRAS codon 61 selection in melanoma publication-title: Cancer Discov. doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-14-0729 contributor: fullname: Burd – volume: 19 start-page: 5892 year: 1999 ident: B36 article-title: Suppression of Ras-induced apoptosis by the Rac GTPase publication-title: Mol Cell Biol. doi: 10.1128/MCB.19.9.5892 contributor: fullname: Joneson – volume: 140 start-page: 1860 year: 2017 ident: B31 article-title: KRAS mutation coupled with p53 loss is sufficient to induce ovarian carcinosarcomas in mice publication-title: Int J Cancer. doi: 10.1002/ijc.30591 contributor: fullname: Tang – volume: 21 start-page: 1444 year: 2001 ident: B13 article-title: Targeted genomic disruption of H-ras and N-ras, individually or in combination, reveals the dispensability of both loci for mouse growth and development publication-title: Mol Cell Biol. doi: 10.1128/MCB.21.5.1444-1452.2001 contributor: fullname: Esteban – volume: 64 start-page: 2575 year: 2007 ident: B15 article-title: Ras proteins: paradigms for compartmentalised and isoform specific signalling publication-title: Cell Mol Life Sci doi: 10.1007/s00018-007-7133-8 contributor: fullname: Omerovic – volume: 26 start-page: 100 year: 2006 ident: B20 article-title: Distinct utilization of effectors and biological outcomes resulting from site-specific Ras activation: ras functions in lipid rafts and Golgi complex are dispensable for proliferation and transformation publication-title: Mol Cell Biol. doi: 10.1128/MCB.26.1.100-116.2006 contributor: fullname: Matallanas – volume: 15 start-page: 722 year: 2015 ident: B73 article-title: Association between specific mutations in KRAS codon 12 and colorectal liver metastasis publication-title: JAMA Surg. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2015.0313 contributor: fullname: Margonis – volume: 70 start-page: 1 year: 2018 ident: B35 article-title: RAL GTPases: biology and potential as therapeutic targets in cancer publication-title: Pharmacol Rev doi: 10.1124/pr.117.014415 contributor: fullname: Yan – volume: 121 start-page: 37 year: 2019 ident: B40 article-title: Transcriptional and metabolic rewiring of colorectal cancer cells expressing the oncogenic KRASG13D mutation publication-title: Br J Cancer. doi: 10.1038/s41416-019-0477-7 contributor: fullname: Charitou – volume: 21 start-page: 481 year: 2006 ident: B19 article-title: PKC regulates a farnesyl-electrostatic switch on K-Ras that promotes its association with Bcl-XL on mitochondria and induces apoptosis publication-title: Mol Cell. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2006.01.012 contributor: fullname: Bivona – volume: 9 start-page: 514 year: 2008 ident: B9 article-title: Ras oncogenes: split personalities publication-title: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. doi: 10.1038/nrm2438 contributor: fullname: Karnoub – volume: 30 start-page: 563 year: 2013 ident: B68 article-title: KRAS as prognostic biomarker in metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with bevacizumab: a pooled analysis of 12 published trials publication-title: Med Oncol doi: 10.1007/s12032-013-0650-4 contributor: fullname: Petrelli |
| SSID | ssj0000650103 |
| Score | 2.6052308 |
| SecondaryResourceType | review_article |
| Snippet | In human cells, three closely related
RAS
genes, termed
HRAS, KRAS
, and
NRAS
, encode four highly homologous proteins. RAS proteins are small GTPases involved... In human cells, three closely related RAS genes, termed HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS, encode four highly homologous proteins. RAS proteins are small GTPases involved... |
| SourceID | doaj pubmedcentral proquest crossref |
| SourceType | Open Website Open Access Repository Aggregation Database |
| StartPage | 1088 |
| SubjectTerms | GTP/GDP binding Oncology RAS mutations RAS profile RAS-mutated cancers RAS-related omics treatment responses |
| SummonAdditionalLinks | – databaseName: Directory of Open Access Journals dbid: DOA link: http://sdu.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV27TsMwFLWAAbEgnqK8ZCQGltA4TmpnLH0IBhgoSGyWn6JLilo68PfcG_eViYU1thTnXMfnHtk-l5BbG5wOtkyTrOBpkoeMJ8bC_2glTGkDFKtrd_7HkXj5kP0B2uSsSn3hmbBoDxyBaxubWS6Ey1gHso9S61wDqQUNmQfTQcbVN-1siKm4BhdYwCB6-YAKK9thUqFjISvvoaGus7Kmodqtv5FiNg9IbjDO8IDsL1JF2o1DPCRbvjoiu8-LzfBj0u_S3tq7my7tRegk0KfVNSv62h3R53nccJ_RcUV7GOcpjUUof07I-3Dw1ntMFkUREluk2XciHQ-5kbJwXDCN9IsOYwBEIUzqLNB34W2ug4bnIEWEN4HnIJ-tMU4yz_kp2akmlT8jlHvBPMgdxnielxx6Cmfxpq4JmcuMaZG7JUbqK3pfKNAMCKdCOBXCqWo4W-QBMVx1Q9Pq-gGEUi1Cqf4KZYvcLCOgYJLjzoWu_GQ-U5CEolCEfKZFRCM0jTc2W6rxZ22X3ZF4TTw9_48hXpA9_GgkLyYvyc73dO6vyPbMza_rCfgL69ff2Q priority: 102 providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals |
| Title | A Comparative Analysis of Individual RAS Mutations in Cancer Biology |
| URI | https://search.proquest.com/docview/2311924007 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC6813200 https://doaj.org/article/bc2c377d2160459aa4a782fa5191af82 |
| Volume | 9 |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| link | http://sdu.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1Nb9QwEB2xPSAuCAqIhbYyEgcu2Y3jZO0ct9tW5bAIUZC4Wf6Eldqk2u0e-PedcZLSXHu1HSWZmWTek8dvAD676E10dZ4VlcizMhYisw6_R6cwpC2mWJPU-S-v5Lff6uycZHKq4SxMKtp3djNrrm9mzeZvqq28vXHzoU5s_n29Wig6-JvPJzBBbPiIone_34p6F3QyPkjA6nlsGxIr5PUMJxR16KNuTQh1FqNklDT7R0BzXCb5KO9cvIKXPWBky-7BXsOz0BzC83W_Jf4GzpZs9V_Bmw0iI6yN7OvDYSv2Y3nF1vtu233HNg1bkbe3rGtF-e8t_Lo4_7m6zPrWCJmr8uIuU17E0ipVeSG5oSRMOmMR6Z60uXeYxKvgShMNjiMhkcFGUSKJdtZ6xYMQ7-CgaZvwHpgIkgckPZyLsqwFrpTe0XldGwtfWDuFL4ON9G2ngKGROZBlNVlWk2V1suwUTsmGD8tIujoNtNs_unegtq5wQkpf8AXCydqY0iBKiQahJDf4BlP4NHhAY6jT_oVpQrvfaYSiRBcR1UxBjlwzuuN4BmMoiWb3MfPhyVd-hBf0ppS3uDqCg7vtPhzDZOf3J4nIn6QwvAeTIeGK |
| link.rule.ids | 230,315,729,782,786,866,887,2106,27933,27934,53800,53802 |
| linkProvider | National Library of Medicine |
| linkToHtml | http://sdu.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1Lb9QwEB7RIgEXylMs0GIkDlyyG8fJ2jku21Zb0a0QLRI3y8-yEk2q3e6Bf89MHm1z7dV2lNhjZ75PnvkG4IuL3kRXpklWiDTJYyYS6_A8OoVb2qKLNY06_-Jcnv1Wh0ckk1P0uTBN0L6zq3H192pcrf40sZXXV27Sx4lNfiznU0WJv-lkBx7jeU3TeyS9_QEXVL2gFfJBClZOYl2RXCEvx9ihqEYf1WtCsDMduKNGtX8ANYeBkvc8z_HeA7_5BTzvoCabtd0v4VGoXsGTZXeZ_hoOZ2x-p_3NenkSVkd2cpumxX7Oztly217Yb9iqYnPaJ2vWFrH89wZ-HR9dzBdJV1QhcUWa3STKi5hbpQovJDfkvkmhLCJRlDb1Dt1_EVxuosF2pDIy2ChypN_OWq94EOIt7FZ1Fd4BE0HygHSJc5HnpcCR0jvK9LUx85m1I_jar62-brUzNHIOsogmi2iyiG4sMoJvtPa3w0j0ummo15e6W0ZtXeaElD7jUwSipTG5QXwTDYJQbnAGI_jcW07jIaGbD1OFervRCGKJaCIeGoEcmHTwxmEPWrKR2-4s9_7BT36Cp4uL5ak-PTn7_gGe0azJ-3H1EXZv1tuwDzsbvz1oNvF_jV32EQ |
| linkToPdf | http://sdu.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV1Nj9MwEB2xi7TiwjeifBqJA5c0cZzUzrG0W-0KulqxIHGz_AmV2KRqtwf-PTNJWjZXuNqOEvvZmfdk-w3Aexe9ia7KkrwUWVLEXCTW4Xp0Cqe0xRBrWnf-syt58V3NT8km55Dqqz207-xqXP-6Htern-3ZyvW1S_fnxNLL5Wyi6OJvlq59TI_gLq7ZLL8l1LufcEkZDDozH5RhVRqbmiwLeTXGCkV5-ihnExKeySAktc79A7o5PCx5K_osHvzHdz-E-z3lZNOuySO4E-rHcLLsN9WfwHzKZn89wNnepoQ1kZ0frmuxL9Mrttx1G_dbtqrZjObLhnXJLH8_hW-L06-zs6RPrpC4MstvEuVFLKxSpReSGwrj5FQWUTBKm3mHNKAMrjDRYDlKGhlsFAXKcGetVzwI8QyO66YOz4GJIHlA2cS5KIpKYEvpHd34tTH3ubUj-LAfX73uPDQ0ag9CRRMqmlDRLSoj-Ejjf2hG5tdtQbP5ofuh1NblTkjpcz5BQloZUxjkOdEgGeUGezCCd3v0NC4W2gExdWh2W41klgQn8qIRyAGsgzcOaxDN1na7R-_FPz_5Fk4u5wv9-fzi00u4R52mIMjVKzi-2ezCazja-t2bdh7_AVw7-JE |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Comparative+Analysis+of+Individual+RAS+Mutations+in+Cancer+Biology&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+oncology&rft.au=Mu%C3%B1oz-Maldonado%2C+Carmen&rft.au=Zimmer%2C+Yitzhak&rft.au=Medov%C3%A1%2C+Michaela&rft.date=2019-10-18&rft.issn=2234-943X&rft.eissn=2234-943X&rft.volume=9&rft.spage=1088&rft.epage=1088&rft_id=info:doi/10.3389%2Ffonc.2019.01088&rft.externalDBID=NO_FULL_TEXT |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2234-943X&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2234-943X&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2234-943X&client=summon |