Examining the relationship between physical activity and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic across five U.S. States

•A bidirectional relationship exists between physical activity and mental health.•During COVID-19, physical activity and mental health status varied by demographic.•Physical activity can be a protective factor against deteriorating mental health. The objectives of this paper are to investigate: 1) h...

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Published in:	Preventive medicine reports Vol. 24; p. 101537
Main Authors:	Grocke-Dewey, Michelle, Hardison-Moody, Annie, Haynes-Maslow, Lindsey, Maras, Shelly, Webber, Eliza, Andress, Lauri, Houghtaling, Bailey, Patton-Lopez, Megan, Shanks, Justin, Byker-Shanks, Carmen
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Elsevier Inc 01-12-2021 Elsevier
Subjects:	COVID-19 Mental health Physical activity Regular Rural health COVID-19 Rural health Physical activity Mental health
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Abstract	•A bidirectional relationship exists between physical activity and mental health.•During COVID-19, physical activity and mental health status varied by demographic.•Physical activity can be a protective factor against deteriorating mental health. The objectives of this paper are to investigate: 1) how the COVID-19 pandemic influenced both physical activity practices and mental health status, and 2) to assess the relationship between the two. Our mixed-methods study draws on 4,026 online survey responses collected between April – September 2020 across five states (Louisiana, Montana, North Carolina, Oregon and West Virginia). Logistic regression models were run for two outcome variables (physical activity and mental health status (measured using the Kessler Psychological Distress scale)). Researchers controlled for race/ethnicity, household income/size, gender, urbanicity, education, employment, use of government assistance and presence of chronic health conditions. Qualitative analysis was applied to open-ended survey responses to contextualize quantitative findings. Household income was significant in predicting difficulty maintaining pre-pandemic physical activity levels; pre-pandemic physical activity levels were associated with increased psychological distress levels during COVID-19; and race/ethnicity, income status and urbanicity were significantly associated with deteriorating mental health status and physical activity levels during COVID-19. Data suggests that a bi-directional, cyclical relationship between physical activity and mental health exists. Policy implications should include physical activity promotion as a protective factor against declining mental health.
AbstractList	•A bidirectional relationship exists between physical activity and mental health.•During COVID-19, physical activity and mental health status varied by demographic.•Physical activity can be a protective factor against deteriorating mental health. The objectives of this paper are to investigate: 1) how the COVID-19 pandemic influenced both physical activity practices and mental health status, and 2) to assess the relationship between the two. Our mixed-methods study draws on 4,026 online survey responses collected between April – September 2020 across five states (Louisiana, Montana, North Carolina, Oregon and West Virginia). Logistic regression models were run for two outcome variables (physical activity and mental health status (measured using the Kessler Psychological Distress scale)). Researchers controlled for race/ethnicity, household income/size, gender, urbanicity, education, employment, use of government assistance and presence of chronic health conditions. Qualitative analysis was applied to open-ended survey responses to contextualize quantitative findings. Household income was significant in predicting difficulty maintaining pre-pandemic physical activity levels; pre-pandemic physical activity levels were associated with increased psychological distress levels during COVID-19; and race/ethnicity, income status and urbanicity were significantly associated with deteriorating mental health status and physical activity levels during COVID-19. Data suggests that a bi-directional, cyclical relationship between physical activity and mental health exists. Policy implications should include physical activity promotion as a protective factor against declining mental health. The objectives of this paper are to investigate: 1) how the COVID-19 pandemic influenced both physical activity practices and mental health status, and 2) to assess the relationship between the two. Our mixed-methods study draws on 4,026 online survey responses collected between April – September 2020 across five states (Louisiana, Montana, North Carolina, Oregon and West Virginia). Logistic regression models were run for two outcome variables (physical activity and mental health status (measured using the Kessler Psychological Distress scale)). Researchers controlled for race/ethnicity, household income/size, gender, urbanicity, education, employment, use of government assistance and presence of chronic health conditions. Qualitative analysis was applied to open-ended survey responses to contextualize quantitative findings. Household income was significant in predicting difficulty maintaining pre-pandemic physical activity levels; pre-pandemic physical activity levels were associated with increased psychological distress levels during COVID-19; and race/ethnicity, income status and urbanicity were significantly associated with deteriorating mental health status and physical activity levels during COVID-19. Data suggests that a bi-directional, cyclical relationship between physical activity and mental health exists. Policy implications should include physical activity promotion as a protective factor against declining mental health. • A bidirectional relationship exists between physical activity and mental health. • During COVID-19, physical activity and mental health status varied by demographic. • Physical activity can be a protective factor against deteriorating mental health. The objectives of this paper are to investigate: 1) how the COVID-19 pandemic influenced both physical activity practices and mental health status, and 2) to assess the relationship between the two. Our mixed-methods study draws on 4,026 online survey responses collected between April – September 2020 across five states (Louisiana, Montana, North Carolina, Oregon and West Virginia). Logistic regression models were run for two outcome variables (physical activity and mental health status (measured using the Kessler Psychological Distress scale)). Researchers controlled for race/ethnicity, household income/size, gender, urbanicity, education, employment, use of government assistance and presence of chronic health conditions. Qualitative analysis was applied to open-ended survey responses to contextualize quantitative findings. Household income was significant in predicting difficulty maintaining pre-pandemic physical activity levels; pre-pandemic physical activity levels were associated with increased psychological distress levels during COVID-19; and race/ethnicity, income status and urbanicity were significantly associated with deteriorating mental health status and physical activity levels during COVID-19. Data suggests that a bi-directional, cyclical relationship between physical activity and mental health exists. Policy implications should include physical activity promotion as a protective factor against declining mental health.
ArticleNumber	101537
Author	Webber, Eliza Maras, Shelly Byker-Shanks, Carmen Andress, Lauri Hardison-Moody, Annie Haynes-Maslow, Lindsey Houghtaling, Bailey Patton-Lopez, Megan Grocke-Dewey, Michelle Shanks, Justin
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Michelle surname: Grocke-Dewey fullname: Grocke-Dewey, Michelle email: michelle.grocke@montana.edu organization: Department of Health and Human Development, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States – sequence: 2 givenname: Annie surname: Hardison-Moody fullname: Hardison-Moody, Annie email: amhardis@ncsu.edu organization: Department of Agricultural and Human Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States – sequence: 3 givenname: Lindsey surname: Haynes-Maslow fullname: Haynes-Maslow, Lindsey email: lhmaslow@ncsu.edu organization: Department of Agricultural and Human Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States – sequence: 4 givenname: Shelly surname: Maras fullname: Maras, Shelly email: samaras2@ncsu.edu organization: Department of Sociology and Anthropology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States – sequence: 5 givenname: Eliza surname: Webber fullname: Webber, Eliza email: eliza.webber@montana.edu organization: Center for American Indian and Rural Health Equity, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States – sequence: 6 givenname: Lauri surname: Andress fullname: Andress, Lauri email: laandress@hsc.wvu.edu organization: Department of Health Policy, Management, and Leadership, West Virginia University, School of Public Health, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States – sequence: 7 givenname: Bailey surname: Houghtaling fullname: Houghtaling, Bailey email: bhoughtaling@agcenter.lsu.edu organization: School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University (LSU) & LSU Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States – sequence: 8 givenname: Megan surname: Patton-Lopez fullname: Patton-Lopez, Megan email: pattonlm@mail.wou.edu organization: Division of Health & Exercise Science, Western Oregon University, Monmouth, OR 97361, United States – sequence: 9 givenname: Justin surname: Shanks fullname: Shanks, Justin email: jstnshanks@gmail.com organization: Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States – sequence: 10 givenname: Carmen surname: Byker-Shanks fullname: Byker-Shanks, Carmen email: cbykershanks@montana.edu organization: Department of Health and Human Development, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States
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Snippet	•A bidirectional relationship exists between physical activity and mental health.•During COVID-19, physical activity and mental health status varied by... • A bidirectional relationship exists between physical activity and mental health. • During COVID-19, physical activity and mental health status varied by... The objectives of this paper are to investigate: 1) how the COVID-19 pandemic influenced both physical activity practices and mental health status, and 2) to...
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Title	Examining the relationship between physical activity and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic across five U.S. States
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