Salivary Colony Stimulating Factor‐1 and Interleukin‐34 in Periodontal Disease

• Published in: Journal of periodontology (1970) Vol. 88; no. 8; pp. e140 - e149
• Main Authors: Martinez, G.L., Majster, M., Bjurshammar, N., Johannsen, A., Figueredo, C.M., Boström, E.A.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States American Academy of Periodontology 01-08-2017
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Biomarkers - metabolism; Case-Control Studies; Dentistry; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Gingivitis; Gingivitis - metabolism; Humans; inflammation; innate immune response; intercellular signaling peptides and proteins; Interleukins - metabolism; Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor - metabolism; Male; Matrix Metalloproteinase 8 - metabolism; Medicin och hälsovetenskap; Middle Aged; periodontitis; Periodontitis - metabolism; saliva; Saliva - metabolism; saliva; intercellular signaling peptides and proteins; inflammation; innate immune response; Gingivitis; periodontitis
• ISSN: 0022-3492; 1943-3670; 1943-3670
• DOI: 10.1902/jop.2017.170081

Background: Colony‐stimulating factor (CSF)‐1 and interleukin (IL)‐34 are macrophage growth factors and regulators of osteoclastogenesis. Their potential involvement in periodontal disease is yet unknown. The aim of this study is to explore the presence of CSF‐1 and IL‐34 in whole saliva in relation to periodontal disease.
Methods: Protocol validation was assessed in saliva of healthy donors (n = 21) by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Salivary CSF‐1, IL‐34, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐8, a biomarker candidate of periodontitis, were determined in 48 patients (29 patients with periodontitis, 12 with gingivitis, and seven healthy patients) and related to the following clinical periodontal parameters: bleeding on probing, probing depth, clinical attachment loss, and plaque index. An additional separate group of patients with gingivitis (n = 21) and some of the patients with periodontitis (n = 11) were subjected to non‐surgical periodontal treatment, whereupon changes in salivary CSF‐1, IL‐34, and MMP‐8 levels were determined and related to periodontal outcome.
Results: Patients with periodontitis displayed higher CSF‐1 and MMP‐8 levels in saliva compared with healthy patients, and IL‐34 levels were lower. A higher CSF‐1/IL‐34 ratio was observed in patients with periodontitis compared with healthy patients. There was a positive correlation between CSF‐1 and MMP‐8, which both correlated negatively to IL‐34, in patients with gingivitis and periodontitis. Clinical periodontal parameters correlated positively with CSF‐1, MMP‐8, and with the CSF‐1/IL‐34 ratio, and negatively with IL‐34 in patients with periodontitis. After treatment CSF‐1 and MMP‐8 levels decreased together with observed clinical improvement in patients with gingivitis.
Conclusion: CSF‐1 and IL‐34 are present in saliva and seem to have complementary roles in periodontal disease: IL‐34 in steady‐state and CSF‐1 in inflammation.