Are Grasses Really Useful for the Phytoremediation of Potentially Toxic Trace Elements? A Review

• Published in: Frontiers in plant science Vol. 12; p. 778275
• Main Authors: Rabêlo, Flávio Henrique Silveira, Vangronsveld, Jaco, Baker, Alan J M, van der Ent, Antony, Alleoni, Luís Reynaldo Ferracciú
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland Frontiers 24-11-2021; Frontiers Media S.A
• Subjects: Environmental Sciences; heavy metals; phytoextraction; phytofiltration; phytostabilization; Plant Science; Poaceae; tolerance mechanisms; phytofiltration; toxicity; trace elements uptake; tolerance mechanisms; heavy metals; Poaceae; phytoextraction; phytostabilization; Poaceaetolerance mechanisms; toxicitytrace elements uptake; heavy metalsphytoextraction
• ISSN: 1664-462X; 1664-462X
• DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.778275

The pollution of soil, water, and air by potentially toxic trace elements poses risks to environmental and human health. For this reason, many chemical, physical, and biological processes of remediation have been developed to reduce the (available) trace element concentrations in the environment. Among those technologies, phytoremediation is an environmentally friendly
and cost-effective approach to remediate sites with low-to-moderate pollution with trace elements. However, not all species have the potential to be used for phytoremediation of trace element-polluted sites due to their morpho-physiological characteristics and low tolerance to toxicity induced by the trace elements. Grasses are prospective candidates due to their high biomass yields, fast growth, adaptations to infertile soils, and successive shoot regrowth after harvest. A large number of studies evaluating the processes related to the uptake, transport, accumulation, and toxicity of trace elements in grasses assessed for phytoremediation have been conducted. The aim of this review is (i) to synthesize the available information on the mechanisms involved in uptake, transport, accumulation, toxicity, and tolerance to trace elements in grasses; (ii) to identify suitable grasses for trace element phytoextraction, phytostabilization, and phytofiltration; (iii) to describe the main strategies used to improve trace element phytoremediation efficiency by grasses; and (iv) to point out the advantages, disadvantages, and perspectives for the use of grasses for phytoremediation of trace element-polluted soils.