Obtaining ready-to-eat blue corn expanded snacks with anthocyanins using an extrusion process and response surface methodology

• Published in: Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 19; no. 12; pp. 21066 - 21084
• Main Authors: Escalante-Aburto, Anayansi, Ramírez-Wong, Benjamín, Torres-Chávez, Patricia Isabel, López-Cervantes, Jaime, Figueroa-Cárdenas, Juan de Dios, Barrón-Hoyos, Jesús Manuel, Morales-Rosas, Ignacio, Ponce-García, Néstor, Gutiérrez-Dorado, Roberto
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 15-12-2014; MDPI
• Subjects: anthocyanins; Anthocyanins - chemistry; Anthocyanins - isolation & purification; blue corn; Calcium Hydroxide - chemistry; Carbohydrates; extrusion; Food Handling; Functional foods & nutraceuticals; Grain; Moisture content; optimization; Physical properties; Phytochemicals; Pigmentation; snack; Snacks; Temperature; Variance analysis; Zea mays - chemistry; Mexico
• ISSN: 1420-3049; 1420-3049
• DOI: 10.3390/molecules191221066

Extrusion is an alternative technology for the production of nixtamalized products. The aim of this study was to obtain an expanded nixtamalized snack with whole blue corn and using the extrusion process, to preserve the highest possible total anthocyanin content, intense blue/purple coloration (color b) and the highest expansion index. A central composite experimental design was used. The extrusion process factors were: feed moisture (FM, 15%-23%), calcium hydroxide concentration (CHC, 0%-0.25%) and final extruder temperature (T, 110-150 °C). The chemical and physical properties evaluated in the extrudates were moisture content (MC, %), total anthocyanins (TA, mg·kg(-1)), pH, color (L, a, b) and expansion index (EI). ANOVA and surface response methodology were applied to evaluate the effects of the extrusion factors. FM and T significantly affected the response variables. An optimization step was performed by overlaying three contour plots to predict the best combination region. The extrudates were obtained under the following optimum factors: FM (%) = 16.94, CHC (%) = 0.095 and T (°C) = 141.89. The predicted extrusion processing factors were highly accurate, yielding an expanded nixtamalized snack with 158.87 mg·kg(-1) TA (estimated: 160 mg·kg(-1)), an EI of 3.19 (estimated: 2.66), and color parameter b of -0.44 (estimated: 0.10).