Analysis of Nicotine Metabolites in Hair and Nails Using QuEChERS Method Followed by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

• Published in: Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 25; no. 8; p. 1763
• Main Authors: Kim, Junhee, Cho, Hyun-Deok, Suh, Joon Hyuk, Lee, Ji-Youn, Lee, Eunyoung, Jin, Chang Hwa, Wang, Yu, Cha, Sangwon, Im, Hosub, Han, Sang Beom
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 11-04-2020; MDPI
• Subjects: bioanalysis; Biological properties; Biological samples; Biomonitoring; Calibration; Chromatography; Chromatography, Liquid - methods; Cigarettes; Communication; Cotinine; Cotinine - analogs & derivatives; Cotinine - analysis; Efficiency; Environmental monitoring; Exposure; Hair; Hair - chemistry; High performance liquid chromatography; Humans; Infants; LC–MS/MS; Limit of Detection; Linearity; Liquid chromatography; Liquid-liquid extraction; Mass spectrometry; Mass spectroscopy; Metabolites; nail; Nails (Anatomy); Nails - chemistry; Nicotine; Nicotine - analysis; Nicotine - metabolism; nicotine metabolites; Organic solvents; Pesticides; Quantitation; QuEChERS; Scientific imaging; Selectivity; Smoking; Sodium; Solid Phase Extraction - methods; Solid phases; Spectroscopy; Tandem Mass Spectrometry - methods; Toxicity; hair; nicotine metabolites; bioanalysis; nail; LC–MS/MS; QuEChERS
• ISSN: 1420-3049; 1420-3049
• DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081763

Many studies have analyzed nicotine metabolites in blood and urine to determine the toxicity caused by smoking, and assess exposure to cigarettes. Recently, hair and nails have been used as alternative samples for the evaluation of smoking, as not only do they reflect long-term exposure but they are also stable and easy to collect. Liquid-liquid or solid-phase extraction has mainly been used to detect nicotine metabolites in biological samples; however, these have disadvantages, such as the use of toxic organic solvents and complex pretreatments. In this study, a modified QuEChERS method was proposed for the first time to prepare samples for the detection of nicotine metabolite cotinine (COT) and
-3'-hydroxycotinine (3-HCOT) in hair and nails. High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to analyze traces of nicotine metabolites. The established method was validated for selectivity, linearity, lower limit of quantitation, accuracy, precision and recovery. In comparison with conventional liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), the proposed method was more robust, and resulted in higher recoveries with favorable analytical sensitivity. Using this method, clinical samples from 26 Korean infants were successfully analyzed. This method is expected to be applicable in the routine analysis of nicotine metabolites for environmental and biological exposure monitoring.