Toxicity of Selected Monoterpenes and Essential Oils Rich in These Compounds

Monoterpenes make up the largest group of plant secondary metabolites. They can be found in numerous plants, among others, the family. The compounds demonstrate antioxidative, antibacterial, sedative and anti-inflammatory activity, hence, they are often employed in medicine and pharmaceuticals. Addi...

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Published in:	Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 27; no. 5; p. 1716
Main Author:	Wojtunik-Kulesza, Karolina A
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Switzerland MDPI AG 06-03-2022 MDPI
Subjects:	abortifacient Adenosine Anti-inflammatory agents Antioxidants Biocompatibility Camphor Citral Cytotoxicity DNA damage Drug dosages Essential oils Female Females Food industry Genotoxicity Humans Inflammation Lamiaceae - metabolism Limonene Limonene - metabolism Lipid peroxidation Medical research Metabolites Monoterpenes Monoterpenes - metabolism Monoterpenes - toxicity Neurotoxicity Oils & fats Oils, Volatile - metabolism Oils, Volatile - toxicity Oxidative stress Plant Oils - metabolism plant secondary metabolites Pregnancy Pulegone Review Secondary metabolites Side effects teratogenicity Terpinene Thujone Toxicity genotoxicity toxicity neurotoxicity plant secondary metabolites abortifacient monoterpenes teratogenicity
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Abstract	Monoterpenes make up the largest group of plant secondary metabolites. They can be found in numerous plants, among others, the family. The compounds demonstrate antioxidative, antibacterial, sedative and anti-inflammatory activity, hence, they are often employed in medicine and pharmaceuticals. Additionally, their fragrant character is often made use of, notably in the food and cosmetic industries. Nevertheless, long-lasting studies have revealed their toxic properties. This fact has led to a detailed analysis of the compounds towards their side effects on the human organism. Although most are safe for human food and medical applications, there are monoterpene compounds that, in certain amounts or under particular circumstances (e.g., pregnancy), can cause serious disorders. The presented review characterises in vitro and in vivo, the toxic character of selected monoterpenes (α-terpinene, camphor, citral, limonene, pulegone, thujone), as well as that of their original plant sources and their essential oils. The selected monoterpenes reveal various toxic properties among which are embryotoxic, neurotoxic, allergenic and genotoxic. It is also known that the essential oils of popular plants can also reveal toxic characteristics that many people are unaware of.
AbstractList	Monoterpenes make up the largest group of plant secondary metabolites. They can be found in numerous plants, among others, the Lamiaceae family. The compounds demonstrate antioxidative, antibacterial, sedative and anti-inflammatory activity, hence, they are often employed in medicine and pharmaceuticals. Additionally, their fragrant character is often made use of, notably in the food and cosmetic industries. Nevertheless, long-lasting studies have revealed their toxic properties. This fact has led to a detailed analysis of the compounds towards their side effects on the human organism. Although most are safe for human food and medical applications, there are monoterpene compounds that, in certain amounts or under particular circumstances (e.g., pregnancy), can cause serious disorders. The presented review characterises in vitro and in vivo, the toxic character of selected monoterpenes (α-terpinene, camphor, citral, limonene, pulegone, thujone), as well as that of their original plant sources and their essential oils. The selected monoterpenes reveal various toxic properties among which are embryotoxic, neurotoxic, allergenic and genotoxic. It is also known that the essential oils of popular plants can also reveal toxic characteristics that many people are unaware of. Monoterpenes make up the largest group of plant secondary metabolites. They can be found in numerous plants, among others, the family. The compounds demonstrate antioxidative, antibacterial, sedative and anti-inflammatory activity, hence, they are often employed in medicine and pharmaceuticals. Additionally, their fragrant character is often made use of, notably in the food and cosmetic industries. Nevertheless, long-lasting studies have revealed their toxic properties. This fact has led to a detailed analysis of the compounds towards their side effects on the human organism. Although most are safe for human food and medical applications, there are monoterpene compounds that, in certain amounts or under particular circumstances (e.g., pregnancy), can cause serious disorders. The presented review characterises in vitro and in vivo, the toxic character of selected monoterpenes (α-terpinene, camphor, citral, limonene, pulegone, thujone), as well as that of their original plant sources and their essential oils. The selected monoterpenes reveal various toxic properties among which are embryotoxic, neurotoxic, allergenic and genotoxic. It is also known that the essential oils of popular plants can also reveal toxic characteristics that many people are unaware of. Monoterpenes make up the largest group of plant secondary metabolites. They can be found in numerous plants, among others, the Lamiaceae family. The compounds demonstrate antioxidative, antibacterial, sedative and anti-inflammatory activity, hence, they are often employed in medicine and pharmaceuticals. Additionally, their fragrant character is often made use of, notably in the food and cosmetic industries. Nevertheless, long-lasting studies have revealed their toxic properties. This fact has led to a detailed analysis of the compounds towards their side effects on the human organism. Although most are safe for human food and medical applications, there are monoterpene compounds that, in certain amounts or under particular circumstances (e.g., pregnancy), can cause serious disorders. The presented review characterises in vitro and in vivo, the toxic character of selected monoterpenes (α-terpinene, camphor, citral, limonene, pulegone, thujone), as well as that of their original plant sources and their essential oils. The selected monoterpenes reveal various toxic properties among which are embryotoxic, neurotoxic, allergenic and genotoxic. It is also known that the essential oils of popular plants can also reveal toxic characteristics that many people are unaware of.
Author	Wojtunik-Kulesza, Karolina A
AuthorAffiliation	Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; karolina.wojtunik@umlub.pl
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; karolina.wojtunik@umlub.pl
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Karolina A orcidid: 0000-0002-6541-8817 surname: Wojtunik-Kulesza fullname: Wojtunik-Kulesza, Karolina A organization: Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35268817$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Snippet	Monoterpenes make up the largest group of plant secondary metabolites. They can be found in numerous plants, among others, the family. The compounds... Monoterpenes make up the largest group of plant secondary metabolites. They can be found in numerous plants, among others, the Lamiaceae family. The compounds... Monoterpenes make up the largest group of plant secondary metabolites. They can be found in numerous plants, among others, the Lamiaceae family. The compounds...
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SubjectTerms	abortifacient Adenosine Anti-inflammatory agents Antioxidants Biocompatibility Camphor Citral Cytotoxicity DNA damage Drug dosages Essential oils Female Females Food industry Genotoxicity Humans Inflammation Lamiaceae - metabolism Limonene Limonene - metabolism Lipid peroxidation Medical research Metabolites Monoterpenes Monoterpenes - metabolism Monoterpenes - toxicity Neurotoxicity Oils & fats Oils, Volatile - metabolism Oils, Volatile - toxicity Oxidative stress Plant Oils - metabolism plant secondary metabolites Pregnancy Pulegone Review Secondary metabolites Side effects teratogenicity Terpinene Thujone Toxicity
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Title	Toxicity of Selected Monoterpenes and Essential Oils Rich in These Compounds
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