Adult patients’ adherence to anti-retroviral treatment: A survey correlating pharmacy refill records and pill counts with immunological and virological indices

Providing anti-retroviral therapy (ART) to patients free of charge enhances their wellbeing, reduces the number of opportunistic infections and enables them to live productive lives, but only if these drugs are taken regularly every day for the rest of their lives. Patients’ ART adherence levels are...

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Published in:	International journal of nursing studies Vol. 48; no. 11; pp. 1323 - 1329
Main Authors:	Ndubuka, Nnamdi Obioma, Ehlers, Valerie Janet
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	England Elsevier Ltd 01-11-2011 Elsevier Limited
Subjects:	Adherence Adult Anti-HIV Agents - administration & dosage Anti-HIV Agents - therapeutic use Anti-retroviral medications (ARVs) barriers to ART adherence Anti-retroviral treatment (ART) Antiretroviral drugs Antiretroviral therapy Botswana CD4 antigen CD4 cell counts CD4 Lymphocyte Count Cells Correlation analysis Counseling Data Collection Documentation Drugs Female highly active antiretroviral therapy Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) HIV Infections - drug therapy HIV Infections - immunology HIV Infections - virology HIV/AIDS Humans Immune response system Immunology Male Middle Aged Motivators for ART adherence Nursing Opportunist infection Patient Compliance Pharmacies Pharmacy Pharmacy refill records Recovery Suppressed Viral Load Viral load (VL) Botswana Gaborone Botswana HIV/AIDS Anti-retroviral treatment (ART) Botswana Motivators for ART adherence Viral load (VL) Anti-retroviral medications (ARVs) barriers to ART adherence Pharmacy refill records CD4 cell counts Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)
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Abstract	Providing anti-retroviral therapy (ART) to patients free of charge enhances their wellbeing, reduces the number of opportunistic infections and enables them to live productive lives, but only if these drugs are taken regularly every day for the rest of their lives. Patients’ ART adherence levels are difficult and expensive to estimate. If simple available measures, such as pharmacy refill records, could be correlated with laboratory test results for improved CD4 counts (indicating immunological recovery) and decreased viral loads (VLs – indicating virological recovery), these could be used as preliminary measures of adherence. The objective was to determine whether the combination of pharmacy refill records and pill counts (including counts for all medications in the HAART regimen) could predict immunological and virologic responses through increased CD4 cell counts and suppressed VL. Correlations were compiled for patients’ pharmacy refill records, pill counts, CD4 cell counts, VL counts and self-reported ART adherence at one clinic in Gaborone, Botswana. There was a weak positive, relationship between ART adherence, CD4 cell counts and VL. Pharmacy refills and pill counts adherence measurement methodologies scored high on sensitivity and positive predictive values. Pharmacy refill records and pill counts are useful indicators of patients’ ART adherence levels, but should be supplemented with CD4 and VL counts at regular intervals.
AbstractList	Providing anti-retroviral therapy (ART) to patients free of charge enhances their wellbeing, reduces the number of opportunistic infections and enables them to live productive lives, but only if these drugs are taken regularly every day for the rest of their lives. Patients' ART adherence levels are difficult and expensive to estimate. If simple available measures, such as pharmacy refill records, could be correlated with laboratory test results for improved CD4 counts (indicating immunological recovery) and decreased viral loads (VLs - indicating virological recovery), these could be used as preliminary measures of adherence. The objective was to determine whether the combination of pharmacy refill records and pill counts (including counts for all medications in the HAART regimen) could predict immunological and virologic responses through increased CD4 cell counts and suppressed VL. Correlations were compiled for patients' pharmacy refill records, pill counts, CD4 cell counts, VL counts and self-reported ART adherence at one clinic in Gaborone, Botswana. There was a weak positive, relationship between ART adherence, CD4 cell counts and VL. Pharmacy refills and pill counts adherence measurement methodologies scored high on sensitivity and positive predictive values. Pharmacy refill records and pill counts are useful indicators of patients' ART adherence levels, but should be supplemented with CD4 and VL counts at regular intervals. Providing anti-retroviral therapy (ART) to patients free of charge enhances their wellbeing, reduces the number of opportunistic infections and enables them to live productive lives, but only if these drugs are taken regularly every day for the rest of their lives. Patients' ART adherence levels are difficult and expensive to estimate. If simple available measures, such as pharmacy refill records, could be correlated with laboratory test results for improved CD4 counts (indicating immunological recovery) and decreased viral loads (VLs -- indicating virological recovery), these could be used as preliminary measures of adherence. The objective was to determine whether the combination of pharmacy refill records and pill counts (including counts for all medications in the HAART regimen) could predict immunological and virologic responses through increased CD4 cell counts and suppressed VL. Correlations were compiled for patients' pharmacy refill records, pill counts, CD4 cell counts, VL counts and self-reported ART adherence at one clinic in Gaborone, Botswana. There was a weak positive, relationship between ART adherence, CD4 cell counts and VL. Pharmacy refills and pill counts adherence measurement methodologies scored high on sensitivity and positive predictive values. Pharmacy refill records and pill counts are useful indicators of patients' ART adherence levels, but should be supplemented with CD4 and VL counts at regular intervals. [Copyright Elsevier Ltd.] Providing anti-retroviral therapy (ART) to patients free of charge enhances their wellbeing, reduces the number of opportunistic infections and enables them to live productive lives, but only if these drugs are taken regularly every day for the rest of their lives. Patients’ ART adherence levels are difficult and expensive to estimate. If simple available measures, such as pharmacy refill records, could be correlated with laboratory test results for improved CD4 counts (indicating immunological recovery) and decreased viral loads (VLs – indicating virological recovery), these could be used as preliminary measures of adherence. The objective was to determine whether the combination of pharmacy refill records and pill counts (including counts for all medications in the HAART regimen) could predict immunological and virologic responses through increased CD4 cell counts and suppressed VL. Correlations were compiled for patients’ pharmacy refill records, pill counts, CD4 cell counts, VL counts and self-reported ART adherence at one clinic in Gaborone, Botswana. There was a weak positive, relationship between ART adherence, CD4 cell counts and VL. Pharmacy refills and pill counts adherence measurement methodologies scored high on sensitivity and positive predictive values. Pharmacy refill records and pill counts are useful indicators of patients’ ART adherence levels, but should be supplemented with CD4 and VL counts at regular intervals. Providing anti-retroviral therapy (ART) to patients free of charge enhances their wellbeing, reduces the number of opportunistic infections and enables them to live productive lives, but only if these drugs are taken regularly every day for the rest of their lives. Patients' ART adherence levels are difficult and expensive to estimate. If simple available measures, such as pharmacy refill records, could be correlated with laboratory test results for improved CD4 counts (indicating immunological recovery) and decreased viral loads (VLs -- indicating virological recovery), these could be used as preliminary measures of adherence. The objective was to determine whether the combination of pharmacy refill records and pill counts (including counts for all medications in the HAART regimen) could predict immunological and virologic responses through increased CD4 cell counts and suppressed VL. Correlations were compiled for patients' pharmacy refill records, pill counts, CD4 cell counts, VL counts and self-reported ART adherence at one clinic in Gaborone, Botswana. There was a weak positive, relationship between ART adherence, CD4 cell counts and VL. Pharmacy refills and pill counts adherence measurement methodologies scored high on sensitivity and positive predictive values. Parmacy refill records and pill counts are useful indicators of patients' ART adherence levels, but should be supplemented with CD4 and VL counts at regular intervals. Research in Botswana investigating whether the combination of pharmacy refill records and pill counts predicted immunological and virologic responses through increased CD4 cell counts and suppressed viral loads (VL). Correlations for patients pharmacy refill records, pill counts (including counts for all medications in the highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) regimen), CD4 cell counts, VL counts and self-reported anti-retroviral therapy adherence were compiled at a clinic in Gaberone. 39 references BACKGROUNDProviding anti-retroviral therapy (ART) to patients free of charge enhances their wellbeing, reduces the number of opportunistic infections and enables them to live productive lives, but only if these drugs are taken regularly every day for the rest of their lives. Patients' ART adherence levels are difficult and expensive to estimate. If simple available measures, such as pharmacy refill records, could be correlated with laboratory test results for improved CD4 counts (indicating immunological recovery) and decreased viral loads (VLs--indicating virological recovery), these could be used as preliminary measures of adherence.OBJECTIVEThe objective was to determine whether the combination of pharmacy refill records and pill counts (including counts for all medications in the HAART regimen) could predict immunological and virologic responses through increased CD4 cell counts and suppressed VL.RESULTSCorrelations were compiled for patients' pharmacy refill records, pill counts, CD4 cell counts, VL counts and self-reported ART adherence at one clinic in Gaborone, Botswana. There was a weak positive, relationship between ART adherence, CD4 cell counts and VL. Pharmacy refills and pill counts adherence measurement methodologies scored high on sensitivity and positive predictive values.CONCLUSIONSPharmacy refill records and pill counts are useful indicators of patients' ART adherence levels, but should be supplemented with CD4 and VL counts at regular intervals.
Author	Ndubuka, Nnamdi Obioma Ehlers, Valerie Janet
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Keywords	HIV/AIDS Anti-retroviral treatment (ART) Botswana Motivators for ART adherence Viral load (VL) Anti-retroviral medications (ARVs) barriers to ART adherence Pharmacy refill records CD4 cell counts Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)
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Snippet	Providing anti-retroviral therapy (ART) to patients free of charge enhances their wellbeing, reduces the number of opportunistic infections and enables them to... Research in Botswana investigating whether the combination of pharmacy refill records and pill counts predicted immunological and virologic responses through... BACKGROUNDProviding anti-retroviral therapy (ART) to patients free of charge enhances their wellbeing, reduces the number of opportunistic infections and...
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SubjectTerms	Adherence Adult Anti-HIV Agents - administration & dosage Anti-HIV Agents - therapeutic use Anti-retroviral medications (ARVs) barriers to ART adherence Anti-retroviral treatment (ART) Antiretroviral drugs Antiretroviral therapy Botswana CD4 antigen CD4 cell counts CD4 Lymphocyte Count Cells Correlation analysis Counseling Data Collection Documentation Drugs Female highly active antiretroviral therapy Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) HIV Infections - drug therapy HIV Infections - immunology HIV Infections - virology HIV/AIDS Humans Immune response system Immunology Male Middle Aged Motivators for ART adherence Nursing Opportunist infection Patient Compliance Pharmacies Pharmacy Pharmacy refill records Recovery Suppressed Viral Load Viral load (VL)
Title	Adult patients’ adherence to anti-retroviral treatment: A survey correlating pharmacy refill records and pill counts with immunological and virological indices
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