Training-specific functional, neural, and hypertrophic adaptations to explosive- vs. sustained-contraction strength training

• Published in: Journal of applied physiology (1985) Vol. 120; no. 11; pp. 1364 - 1373
• Main Authors: Balshaw, Thomas G, Massey, Garry J, Maden-Wilkinson, Thomas M, Tillin, Neale A, Folland, Jonathan P
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States American Physiological Society 01-06-2016
• Subjects: Adaptation, Physiological - physiology; Electromyography - methods; Exercise; Exercise - physiology; Humans; Isometric Contraction - physiology; Knee Joint - physiology; Male; Men; Muscle Strength - physiology; Muscular system; Quadriceps Muscle - physiology; Resistance Training - methods; Tendons - physiology; Torque; Young adults; contractile properties; resistance exercise; maximum strength; neural drive; rate of torque development
• ISSN: 8750-7587; 1522-1601
• DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00091.2016

Training specificity is considered important for strength training, although the functional and underpinning physiological adaptations to different types of training, including brief explosive contractions, are poorly understood. This study compared the effects of 12 wk of explosive-contraction (ECT, n = 13) vs. sustained-contraction (SCT, n = 16) strength training vs. control (n = 14) on the functional, neural, hypertrophic, and intrinsic contractile characteristics of healthy young men. Training involved 40 isometric knee extension repetitions (3 times/wk): contracting as fast and hard as possible for ∼1 s (ECT) or gradually increasing to 75% of maximum voluntary torque (MVT) before holding for 3 s (SCT). Torque and electromyography during maximum and explosive contractions, torque during evoked octet contractions, and total quadriceps muscle volume (QUADSVOL) were quantified pre and post training. MVT increased more after SCT than ECT [23 vs. 17%; effect size (ES) = 0.69], with similar increases in neural drive, but greater QUADSVOL changes after SCT (8.1 vs. 2.6%; ES = 0.74). ECT improved explosive torque at all time points (17-34%; 0.54 ≤ ES ≤ 0.76) because of increased neural drive (17-28%), whereas only late-phase explosive torque (150 ms, 12%; ES = 1.48) and corresponding neural drive (18%) increased after SCT. Changes in evoked torque indicated slowing of the contractile properties of the muscle-tendon unit after both training interventions. These results showed training-specific functional changes that appeared to be due to distinct neural and hypertrophic adaptations. ECT produced a wider range of functional adaptations than SCT, and given the lesser demands of ECT, this type of training provides a highly efficient means of increasing function.