How are habits formed: Modelling habit formation in the real world

• Published in: European journal of social psychology Vol. 40; no. 6; pp. 998 - 1009
• Main Authors: Lally, Phillippa, van Jaarsveld, Cornelia H. M., Potts, Henry W. W., Wardle, Jane
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Chichester, UK John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 01-10-2010; Wiley; Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
• Subjects: Behavior; Behavior. Attitude; Behavioural psychology; Biological and medical sciences; Everyday Life; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Habits; Human behaviour; Methodology; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry; Psychology. Psychophysiology; Regression analysis; Social psychology; Volunteers; Human; Daily living; Behavior; Performance; Theory of planned behavior; Repetition; Social cognition
• ISSN: 0046-2772; 1099-0992
• DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.674

To investigate the process of habit formation in everyday life, 96 volunteers chose an eating, drinking or activity behaviour to carry out daily in the same context (for example ‘after breakfast’) for 12 weeks. They completed the self‐report habit index (SRHI) each day and recorded whether they carried out the behaviour. The majority (82) of participants provided sufficient data for analysis, and increases in automaticity (calculated with a sub‐set of SRHI items) were examined over the study period. Nonlinear regressions fitted an asymptotic curve to each individual's automaticity scores over the 84 days. The model fitted for 62 individuals, of whom 39 showed a good fit. Performing the behaviour more consistently was associated with better model fit. The time it took participants to reach 95% of their asymptote of automaticity ranged from 18 to 254 days; indicating considerable variation in how long it takes people to reach their limit of automaticity and highlighting that it can take a very long time. Missing one opportunity to perform the behaviour did not materially affect the habit formation process. With repetition of a behaviour in a consistent context, automaticity increases following an asymptotic curve which can be modelled at the individual level. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.