Comparison of Preclinical Properties of Several Available Antivenoms in the Search for Effective Treatment of Vipera ammodytes and Vipera berus Envenoming

• Published in: Toxins Vol. 13; no. 3; p. 211
• Main Authors: Kurtović, Tihana, Lang Balija, Maja, Brvar, Miran, Dobaja Borak, Mojca, Mateljak Lukačević, Sanja, Halassy, Beata
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 13-03-2021; MDPI
• Subjects: Aggregates; Animal bites; Antitoxins; Antivenom; Chromatography; Emergency medical services; Fragments; Health services; Immunotherapy; Investigations; Manufacturers; Manufacturing; Physicochemical properties; preclinical efficacy; Product development; Quality control; Snake bites; Species; Venom; Vipera ammodytes; Vipera aspis; Vipera berus; ViperaTAb; Viperfav; Zagreb antivenom; Slovenia; United Kingdom > UK; France; Europe; Croatia; ViperaTAb; Vipera berus; preclinical efficacy; Zagreb antivenom; Vipera ammodytes; Viperfav
• DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030211
• EISSN: 2072-6651

Snakebites are a relatively rare medical emergency in Europe. In more than half of the annual cases caused by
,
, and
, immunotherapy with animal-derived antivenom is indicated. Among eight products recently identified as available against European medically relevant species, only Zagreb antivenom, Viperfav, and ViperaTAb have been used almost exclusively for decades. Zagreb antivenom comprises
-specific F(ab')
fragments. Viperfav is a polyspecific preparation based on F(ab')
fragments against
,
, and
venoms. ViperaTAb contains Fab fragments against the venom of
. In 2014 the production of Zagreb antivenom was discontinued. Additionally, in the period of 2017 to 2018 a shortage of Viperfav occurred. Due to a lack of the product indicated for the treatment of
bites, other antivenoms were implemented into clinical practice without comparative assessment of their eligibility. The aim of our work was to identify a high-quality antivenom that might ensure the successful treatment of
and
bites at the preclinical level. Differentiation between bites from these two species is difficult and unreliable in clinical practice, so the availability of a unique antivenom applicable in the treatment of envenoming caused by both species would be the most advantageous for Southeastern Europe. Zagreb antivenom, Viperfav, and ViperaTAb, as well as Viper venom antitoxin for
envenoming and the in-development Inoserp Europe, which was designed to treat envenoming caused by all medically important European snakes, were comparatively tested for the first time. Emphasis was placed on their physicochemical properties, primarily purity and aggregate content, as well as their in vivo protective efficacies. As Zagreb antivenom is no longer available on the European market, Viperfav is the highest-quality product currently available and the only antivenom whose neutralisation potency against
and
venoms was above regulatory requirements.