Conditioning factors in the spreading of Covid-19 – Does geography matter?

• Published in: Heliyon Vol. 10; no. 3; p. e25810
• Main Authors: Vandelli, Vittoria, Palandri, Lucia, Coratza, Paola, Rizzi, Cristiana, Ghinoi, Alessandro, Righi, Elena, Soldati, Mauro
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Elsevier Ltd 15-02-2024; Elsevier
• Subjects: COVID-19; Environmental factors; Geographic factors; Review; Transdisciplinarity; COVID-19; Geographic factors; Environmental factors; Transdisciplinarity
• ISSN: 2405-8440; 2405-8440
• DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25810

There is evidence in literature that the spread of COVID-19 can be influenced by various geographic factors, including territorial features, climate, population density, socioeconomic conditions, and mobility. The objective of the paper is to provide an updated literature review on geographical studies analysing the factors which influenced COVID-19 spreading. This literature review took into account not only the geographical aspects but also the COVID-19-related outcomes (infections and deaths) allowing to discern the potential influencing role of the geographic factors per type of outcome.
A total of 112 scientific articles were selected, reviewed and categorized according to subject area, aim, country/region of study, considered geographic and COVID-19 variables, spatial and temporal units of analysis, methodologies, and main findings.
Our literature review showed that territorial features may have played a role in determining the uneven geography of COVID-19; for instance, a certain agreement was found regarding the direct relationship between urbanization degree and COVID-19 infections. For what concerns climatic factors, temperature was the variable that correlated the best with COVID-19 infections. Together with climatic factors, socio-demographic ones were extensively taken into account. Most of the analysed studies agreed that population density and human mobility had a significant and direct relationship with COVID-19 infections and deaths. The analysis of the different approaches used to investigate the role of geographic factors in the spreading of the COVID-19 pandemic revealed that the significance/representativeness of the outputs is influenced by the scale considered due to the great spatial variability of geographic aspects. In fact, a more robust and significant association between geographic factors and COVID-19 was found by studies conducted at subnational or local scale rather than at country scale.
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•Physical and human geographic factors likely had an influence on COVID-19 spread.•In the literature reviewed, temperature is inversely related to COVID-19 infections.•Studies agree that solar UV radiation inversely correlates with COVID-19 outcomes.•Population density and human mobility directly correlate to COVID-19 outcomes.•The review follows a new approach integrating expertise in epidemiology and geography.