Equilibrium Shape of Internal Cavities in Sapphire

The equilibrium shape of internal cavities in sapphire was determined through the study of submicrometer internal cavities in single crystals. Cavities formed from indentation cracks during annealing at 1600°C. Equilibrium could be reached only for cavities that were smaller than is approximately100...

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Published in:	Journal of the American Ceramic Society Vol. 80; no. 1; pp. 62 - 68
Main Authors:	Choi, Jung-Hae, Kim, Doh-Yeon, Hockey, Bernard J., Wiederhorn, Sheldon M., Handwerker, Carol A., Blendell, John E., Carter, W. Craig, Roosen, Andrew R.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Westerville, Ohio American Ceramics Society 01-01-1997 Blackwell
Subjects:	Approximation Condensed matter: structure, mechanical and thermal properties Defects and impurities in crystals; microstructure Exact sciences and technology Gallium Holes Indentation Mathematical analysis Microscopic defects (voids, inclusions, etc.) Physics Planes Sapphire Structure of solids and liquids; crystallography Surface energy Crystal defects Inorganic compounds Equilibrium shape Theoretical study Binary compounds Computerized simulation High temperature Experimental study Indentation Faceting Cavities Cracks Sapphire Thermal annealing TEM Surface energy Aluminium oxides
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Abstract	The equilibrium shape of internal cavities in sapphire was determined through the study of submicrometer internal cavities in single crystals. Cavities formed from indentation cracks during annealing at 1600°C. Equilibrium could be reached only for cavities that were smaller than is approximately100 nm. Excessive times were required to achieve equilibrium for cavities larger than is approximately 1μm. Five equilibrium facet planes were observed to bound the cavities: the basal (C) {0001}, rhombohedral (R) {1¯012}, prismatic (A) {12¯10}, pyramidal (P) {112¯3}, and structural rhombohedral (S) {101¯1}. The surface energies for these planes relative to the surface energy of the basal plane were γR = 1.05, γA = 1.12, γP = 1.06, γS = 1.07. These energies were compared with the most recent theoretical calculations of the surface energy of sapphire. The comparison was not within experimental scatter for any of the surfaces, with the measured relative surface energies being lower than the calculated energies. Although the prismatic (M) {101¯0} planes are predicted to be a low‐energy surface, facets of this orientation were not observed.
AbstractList	The equilibrium shape of internal cavities in sapphire was determined through the study of submicrometer internal cavities in single crystals. Cavities formed from indentation cracks during annealing at 1600°C. Equilibrium could be reached only for cavities that were smaller than is approximately100 nm. Excessive times were required to achieve equilibrium for cavities larger than is approximately 1μm. Five equilibrium facet planes were observed to bound the cavities: the basal (C) {0001}, rhombohedral (R) {1¯012}, prismatic (A) {12¯10}, pyramidal (P) {112¯3}, and structural rhombohedral (S) {101¯1}. The surface energies for these planes relative to the surface energy of the basal plane were γR = 1.05, γA = 1.12, γP = 1.06, γS = 1.07. These energies were compared with the most recent theoretical calculations of the surface energy of sapphire. The comparison was not within experimental scatter for any of the surfaces, with the measured relative surface energies being lower than the calculated energies. Although the prismatic (M) {101¯0} planes are predicted to be a low‐energy surface, facets of this orientation were not observed. The equilibrium shape of internal cavities in sapphire was determined through the study of submicrometer internal cavities in single crystals. Cavities formed from indentation cracks during annealing at 1600C. Equilibrium could be reached only for cavities that were smaller than is approximately100 nm. Excessive times were required to achieve equilibrium for cavities larger than is approximately 1km. Five equilibrium facet planes were observed to bound the cavities: the basal (C) {0001}, rhombohedral (R) {1[macr]012}, prismatic (A) {12[macr]10}, pyramidal (P) {112[macr]3}, and structural rhombohedral (S) {101[macr]1}. The surface energies for these planes relative to the surface energy of the basal plane were gR = 1.05, gA = 1.12, gP = 1.06, gS = 1.07. These energies were compared with the most recent theoretical calculations of the surface energy of sapphire. The comparison was not within experimental scatter for any of the surfaces, with the measured relative surface energies being lower than the calculated energies. Although the prismatic (M) {101[macr]0} planes are predicted to be a low-energy surface, facets of this orientation were not observed.
Author	Hockey, Bernard J. Kim, Doh-Yeon Handwerker, Carol A. Wiederhorn, Sheldon M. Choi, Jung-Hae Carter, W. Craig Blendell, John E. Roosen, Andrew R.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Jung-Hae surname: Choi fullname: Choi, Jung-Hae organization: Department of Inorganic Materials Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea – sequence: 2 givenname: Doh-Yeon surname: Kim fullname: Kim, Doh-Yeon organization: Department of Inorganic Materials Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea – sequence: 3 givenname: Bernard J. surname: Hockey fullname: Hockey, Bernard J. organization: National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 – sequence: 4 givenname: Sheldon M. surname: Wiederhorn fullname: Wiederhorn, Sheldon M. organization: National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 – sequence: 5 givenname: Carol A. surname: Handwerker fullname: Handwerker, Carol A. organization: National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 – sequence: 6 givenname: John E. surname: Blendell fullname: Blendell, John E. organization: National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 – sequence: 7 givenname: W. Craig surname: Carter fullname: Carter, W. Craig organization: National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 – sequence: 8 givenname: Andrew R. surname: Roosen fullname: Roosen, Andrew R. organization: National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
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Keywords	Crystal defects Inorganic compounds Equilibrium shape Theoretical study Binary compounds Computerized simulation High temperature Experimental study Indentation Faceting Cavities Cracks Sapphire Thermal annealing TEM Surface energy Aluminium oxides
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Notes	ArticleID:JACE62 ark:/67375/WNG-JBZPQF3K-V istex:47DAC2C07232D83166783B8F40FE6DBDFEFB73C7 The relationship γ i D. R. Clarke—contributing editor l constant is generally true for crystals that are convex and possess a center of symmetry. Sapphire, the subject of this study, is such a crystal. ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 23
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Snippet	The equilibrium shape of internal cavities in sapphire was determined through the study of submicrometer internal cavities in single crystals. Cavities formed...
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SubjectTerms	Approximation Condensed matter: structure, mechanical and thermal properties Defects and impurities in crystals; microstructure Exact sciences and technology Gallium Holes Indentation Mathematical analysis Microscopic defects (voids, inclusions, etc.) Physics Planes Sapphire Structure of solids and liquids; crystallography Surface energy
Title	Equilibrium Shape of Internal Cavities in Sapphire
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