Using Population Viability Criteria to Assess Strategies to Minimize Disease Threats for an Endangered Carnivore

Outbreaks of infectious disease represent serious threats to the viability of many vertebrate populations, but few studies have included quantitative evaluations of alternative approaches to the management of disease. The most prevalent management approach is monitoring for and rapid response to an...

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Published in:Conservation biology Vol. 27; no. 2; pp. 303 - 314
Main Authors: DOAK, DANIEL F., BAKKER, VICTORIA J., VICKERS, WINSTON
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Hoboken, NJ Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01-04-2013
Wiley-Blackwell
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Abstract Outbreaks of infectious disease represent serious threats to the viability of many vertebrate populations, but few studies have included quantitative evaluations of alternative approaches to the management of disease. The most prevalent management approach is monitoring for and rapid response to an epizootic. An alternative is vaccination of a subset of the free-living population (i.e., a "vaccinated core") such that some individuals are partially or fully immune in the event of an epizootic. We developed a simulation model describing epizootic dynamics, which we then embedded in a demographic simulation to assess these alternative approaches to managing rabies epizootics in the island fox (Urocyon littoralis), a species composed of only 6 small populations on the California Channel Islands. Although the monitor and respond approach was superior to the vaccinated-core approach for some transmission models and parameter values, this type of reactive management did not protect the population from rabies under many disease-transmission assumptions. In contrast, a logistically feasible program of prophylactic vaccination for part of the wild population yielded low extinction probabilities across all likely disease-transmission scenarios, even with recurrent disease introductions. Our use of a single metric of successful management—probability of extreme endangerment (i.e., quasi extinction)—to compare very different management approaches allowed an objective assessment of alternative strategies for controlling the threats posed by infectious disease outbreaks. Los brotes de enfermedades infecciosas representan serias amenazas para la viabilidad de muchas poblaciones de vertebrados, pero pocos estudios han incluido evaluaciones cuantitativas de métodos alternativos para el manejo de enfermedades. El método de manejo más prevalente es el monitoreo de una epizootia y de la rapidez de la respuesta a la misma. Una alternativa es la vacunación de un subconjunto de la población silvestre (i.e., un "núcleo vacunado") de manera que algunos individuos están parcial o completamente inmunes en el evento de una epizootia. Desarrollamos un modelo de simulación que describe la dinámica de una epizootia, que posteriormente incluimos en una simulación demográfica para evaluar estos métodos alternativos para el manejo de epizootias de rabia en Urocyon littoralis, una especie compuesta de solo 6 poblaciones pequeñas en las Islas del Canal, California. Aunque el método de monitoreo y respuesta fue superior al del núcleo vacunado para algunos modelos de transmisión y valores de parámetros, este tipo de manejo reactivo no protegió de la rabia a la población bajo muchos supuestos de la transmisión de enfermedades. En contraste, un programa logísticamente factible de vacunación profiláctica para parte de la población silvestre produjo bajas probabilidades de extinción en todos los escenarios de transmisión de enfermedades, aun con la introducción recurrente de enfermedades. Nuestro uso de una sola medida del manejo exitoso - probabilidad de riesgo extremo (i.e., cuasi extinción) - para comparar métodos de manejo muy diferentes permitió una evaluación objetiva de estrategias alternativas para controlar las amenazas que representan los brotes de enfermedades infecciosas.
AbstractList Outbreaks of infectious disease represent serious threats to the viability of many vertebrate populations, but few studies have included quantitative evaluations of alternative approaches to the management of disease. The most prevalent management approach is monitoring for and rapid response to an epizootic. An alternative is vaccination of a subset of the free‐living population (i.e., a “vaccinated core”) such that some individuals are partially or fully immune in the event of an epizootic. We developed a simulation model describing epizootic dynamics, which we then embedded in a demographic simulation to assess these alternative approaches to managing rabies epizootics in the island fox (Urocyon littoralis), a species composed of only 6 small populations on the California Channel Islands. Although the monitor and respond approach was superior to the vaccinated‐core approach for some transmission models and parameter values, this type of reactive management did not protect the population from rabies under many disease‐transmission assumptions. In contrast, a logistically feasible program of prophylactic vaccination for part of the wild population yielded low extinction probabilities across all likely disease‐transmission scenarios, even with recurrent disease introductions. Our use of a single metric of successful management—probability of extreme endangerment (i.e., quasi extinction)—to compare very different management approaches allowed an objective assessment of alternative strategies for controlling the threats posed by infectious disease outbreaks. Utilización de Criterios de Viabilidad Poblacional para Evaluar Estrategias para Minimizar Amenazas de Enfermedades para un Carnívoro en Peligro Los brotes de enfermedades infecciosas representan serias amenazas para la viabilidad de muchas poblaciones de vertebrados, pero pocos estudios han incluido evaluaciones cuantitativas de métodos alternativos para el manejo de enfermedades. El método de manejo más prevalente es el monitoreo de una epizootia y de la rapidez de la respuesta a la misma. Una alternativa es la vacunación de un subconjunto de la población silvestre (i.e., un “núcleo vacunado”) de manera que algunos individuos están parcial o completamente inmunes en el evento de una epizootia. Desarrollamos un modelo de simulación que describe la dinámica de una epizootia, que posteriormente incluimos en una simulación demográfica para evaluar estos métodos alternativos para el manejo de epizootias de rabia en Urocyon littoralis, una especie compuesta de solo 6 poblaciones pequeñas en las Islas del Canal, California. Aunque el método de monitoreo y respuesta fue superior al del núcleo vacunado para algunos modelos de transmisión y valores de parámetros, este tipo de manejo reactivo no protegió de la rabia a la población bajo muchos supuestos de la transmisión de enfermedades. En contraste, un programa logísticamente factible de vacunación profiláctica para parte de la población silvestre produjo bajas probabilidades de extinción en todos los escenarios de transmisión de enfermedades, aun con la introducción recurrente de enfermedades. Nuestro uso de una sola medida del manejo exitoso – probabilidad de riesgo extremo (i.e., cuasi extinción) – para comparar métodos de manejo muy diferentes permitió una evaluación objetiva de estrategias alternativas para controlar las amenazas que representan los brotes de enfermedades infecciosas.
Outbreaks of infectious disease represent serious threats to the viability of many vertebrate populations, but few studies have included quantitative evaluations of alternative approaches to the management of disease. The most prevalent management approach is monitoring for and rapid response to an epizootic. An alternative is vaccination of a subset of the free‐living population (i.e., a “vaccinated core”) such that some individuals are partially or fully immune in the event of an epizootic. We developed a simulation model describing epizootic dynamics, which we then embedded in a demographic simulation to assess these alternative approaches to managing rabies epizootics in the island fox (Urocyon littoralis), a species composed of only 6 small populations on the California Channel Islands. Although the monitor and respond approach was superior to the vaccinated‐core approach for some transmission models and parameter values, this type of reactive management did not protect the population from rabies under many disease‐transmission assumptions. In contrast, a logistically feasible program of prophylactic vaccination for part of the wild population yielded low extinction probabilities across all likely disease‐transmission scenarios, even with recurrent disease introductions. Our use of a single metric of successful management—probability of extreme endangerment (i.e., quasi extinction)—to compare very different management approaches allowed an objective assessment of alternative strategies for controlling the threats posed by infectious disease outbreaks. Utilización de Criterios de Viabilidad Poblacional para Evaluar Estrategias para Minimizar Amenazas de Enfermedades para un Carnívoro en Peligro Resumen Los brotes de enfermedades infecciosas representan serias amenazas para la viabilidad de muchas poblaciones de vertebrados, pero pocos estudios han incluido evaluaciones cuantitativas de métodos alternativos para el manejo de enfermedades. El método de manejo más prevalente es el monitoreo de una epizootia y de la rapidez de la respuesta a la misma. Una alternativa es la vacunación de un subconjunto de la población silvestre (i.e., un “núcleo vacunado”) de manera que algunos individuos están parcial o completamente inmunes en el evento de una epizootia. Desarrollamos un modelo de simulación que describe la dinámica de una epizootia, que posteriormente incluimos en una simulación demográfica para evaluar estos métodos alternativos para el manejo de epizootias de rabia en Urocyon littoralis, una especie compuesta de solo 6 poblaciones pequeñas en las Islas del Canal, California. Aunque el método de monitoreo y respuesta fue superior al del núcleo vacunado para algunos modelos de transmisión y valores de parámetros, este tipo de manejo reactivo no protegió de la rabia a la población bajo muchos supuestos de la transmisión de enfermedades. En contraste, un programa logísticamente factible de vacunación profiláctica para parte de la población silvestre produjo bajas probabilidades de extinción en todos los escenarios de transmisión de enfermedades, aun con la introducción recurrente de enfermedades. Nuestro uso de una sola medida del manejo exitoso – probabilidad de riesgo extremo (i.e., cuasi extinción) – para comparar métodos de manejo muy diferentes permitió una evaluación objetiva de estrategias alternativas para controlar las amenazas que representan los brotes de enfermedades infecciosas.
Outbreaks of infectious disease represent serious threats to the viability of many vertebrate populations, but few studies have included quantitative evaluations of alternative approaches to the management of disease. The most prevalent management approach is monitoring for and rapid response to an epizootic. An alternative is vaccination of a subset of the free-living population (i.e., a "vaccinated core") such that some individuals are partially or fully immune in the event of an epizootic. We developed a simulation model describing epizootic dynamics, which we then embedded in a demographic simulation to assess these alternative approaches to managing rabies epizootics in the island fox (Urocyon littoralis), a species composed of only 6 small populations on the California Channel Islands. Although the monitor and respond approach was superior to the vaccinated-core approach for some transmission models and parameter values, this type of reactive management did not protect the population from rabies under many disease-transmission assumptions. In contrast, a logistically feasible program of prophylactic vaccination for part of the wild population yielded low extinction probabilities across all likely disease-transmission scenarios, even with recurrent disease introductions. Our use of a single metric of successful management—probability of extreme endangerment (i.e., quasi extinction)—to compare very different management approaches allowed an objective assessment of alternative strategies for controlling the threats posed by infectious disease outbreaks. Los brotes de enfermedades infecciosas representan serias amenazas para la viabilidad de muchas poblaciones de vertebrados, pero pocos estudios han incluido evaluaciones cuantitativas de métodos alternativos para el manejo de enfermedades. El método de manejo más prevalente es el monitoreo de una epizootia y de la rapidez de la respuesta a la misma. Una alternativa es la vacunación de un subconjunto de la población silvestre (i.e., un "núcleo vacunado") de manera que algunos individuos están parcial o completamente inmunes en el evento de una epizootia. Desarrollamos un modelo de simulación que describe la dinámica de una epizootia, que posteriormente incluimos en una simulación demográfica para evaluar estos métodos alternativos para el manejo de epizootias de rabia en Urocyon littoralis, una especie compuesta de solo 6 poblaciones pequeñas en las Islas del Canal, California. Aunque el método de monitoreo y respuesta fue superior al del núcleo vacunado para algunos modelos de transmisión y valores de parámetros, este tipo de manejo reactivo no protegió de la rabia a la población bajo muchos supuestos de la transmisión de enfermedades. En contraste, un programa logísticamente factible de vacunación profiláctica para parte de la población silvestre produjo bajas probabilidades de extinción en todos los escenarios de transmisión de enfermedades, aun con la introducción recurrente de enfermedades. Nuestro uso de una sola medida del manejo exitoso - probabilidad de riesgo extremo (i.e., cuasi extinción) - para comparar métodos de manejo muy diferentes permitió una evaluación objetiva de estrategias alternativas para controlar las amenazas que representan los brotes de enfermedades infecciosas.
Outbreaks of infectious disease represent serious threats to the viability of many vertebrate populations, but few studies have included quantitative evaluations of alternative approaches to the management of disease. The most prevalent management approach is monitoring for and rapid response to an epizootic. An alternative is vaccination of a subset of the free-living population (i.e., a "vaccinated core") such that some individuals are partially or fully immune in the event of an epizootic. We developed a simulation model describing epizootic dynamics, which we then embedded in a demographic simulation to assess these alternative approaches to managing rabies epizootics in the island fox (Urocyon littoralis), a species composed of only 6 small populations on the California Channel Islands. Although the monitor and respond approach was superior to the vaccinated-core approach for some transmission models and parameter values, this type of reactive management did not protect the population from rabies under many disease-transmission assumptions. In contrast, a logistically feasible program of prophylactic vaccination for part of the wild population yielded low extinction probabilities across all likely disease-transmission scenarios, even with recurrent disease introductions. Our use of a single metric of successful management-probability of extreme endangerment (i.e., quasi extinction)-to compare very different management approaches allowed an objective assessment of alternative strategies for controlling the threats posed by infectious disease outbreaks.Original Abstract: Utilizacion de Criterios de Viabilidad Poblacional para Evaluar Estrategias para Minimizar Amenazas de Enfermedades para un Carnivoro en Peligro Los brotes de enfermedades infecciosas representan serias amenazas para la viabilidad de muchas poblaciones de vertebrados, pero pocos estudios han incluido evaluaciones cuantitativas de metodos alternativos para el manejo de enfermedades. El metodo de manejo mas prevalente es el monitoreo de una epizootia y de la rapidez de la respuesta a la misma. Una alternativa es la vacunacion de un subconjunto de la poblacion silvestre (i.e., un "nucleo vacunado") de manera que algunos individuos estan parcial o completamente inmunes en el evento de una epizootia. Desarrollamos un modelo de simulacion que describe la dinamica de una epizootia, que posteriormente incluimos en una simulacion demografica para evaluar estos metodos alternativos para el manejo de epizootias de rabia en Urocyon littoralis, una especie compuesta de solo 6 poblaciones pequenas en las Islas del Canal, California. Aunque el metodo de monitoreo y respuesta fue superior al del nucleo vacunado para algunos modelos de transmision y valores de parametros, este tipo de manejo reactivo no protegio de la rabia a la poblacion bajo muchos supuestos de la transmision de enfermedades. En contraste, un programa logisticamente factible de vacunacion profilactica para parte de la poblacion silvestre produjo bajas probabilidades de extincion en todos los escenarios de transmision de enfermedades, aun con la introduccion recurrente de enfermedades. Nuestro uso de una sola medida del manejo exitoso - probabilidad de riesgo extremo (i.e., cuasi extincion) - para comparar metodos de manejo muy diferentes permitio una evaluacion objetiva de estrategias alternativas para controlar las amenazas que representan los brotes de enfermedades infecciosas.
Outbreaks of infectious disease represent serious threats to the viability of many vertebrate populations, but few studies have included quantitative evaluations of alternative approaches to the management of disease. The most prevalent management approach is monitoring for and rapid response to an epizootic. An alternative is vaccination of a subset of the free-living population (i.e., a "vaccinated core") such that some individuals are partially or fully immune in the event of an epizootic. We developed a simulation model describing epizootic dynamics, which we then embedded in a demographic simulation to assess these alternative approaches to managing rabies epizootics in the island fox (Urocyon littoralis), a species composed of only 6 small populations on the California Channel Islands. Although the monitor and respond approach was superior to the vaccinated-core approach for some transmission models and parameter values, this type of reactive management did not protect the population from rabies under many disease-transmission assumptions. In contrast, a logistically feasible program of prophylactic vaccination for part of the wild population yielded low extinction probabilities across all likely disease-transmission scenarios, even with recurrent disease introductions. Our use of a single metric of successful management-probability of extreme endangerment (i.e., quasi extinction)-to compare very different management approaches allowed an objective assessment of alternative strategies for controlling the threats posed by infectious disease outbreaks.
Outbreaks of infectious disease represent serious threats to the viability of many vertebrate populations, but few studies have included quantitative evaluations of alternative approaches to the management of disease. The most prevalent management approach is monitoring for and rapid response to an epizootic. An alternative is vaccination of a subset of the free-living population (i.e., a "vaccinated core") such that some individuals are partially or fully immune in the event of an epizootic. We developed a simulation model describing epizootic dynamics, which we then embedded in a demographic simulation to assess these alternative approaches to managing rabies epizootics in the island fox (Urocyon littoralis), a species composed of only 6 small populations on the California Channel Islands. Although the monitor and respond approach was superior to the vaccinated-core approach for some transmission models and parameter values, this type of reactive management did not protect the population from rabies under many disease-transmission assumptions. In contrast, a logistically feasible program of prophylactic vaccination for part of the wild population yielded low extinction probabilities across all likely disease-transmission scenarios, even with recurrent disease introductions. Our use of a single metric of successful management--probability of extreme endangerment (i.e., quasi extinction)--to compare very different management approaches allowed an objective assessment of alternative strategies for controlling the threats posed by infectious disease outbreaks. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Author VICKERS, WINSTON
BAKKER, VICTORIA J.
DOAK, DANIEL F.
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IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 2
Keywords Endangered species
Disease
Vaccination
rabies
Carnivorous animal
monitoring
Epizootics
Island
epizootic model
Strategy
Models
island fox
population viability
Viability
Environmental protection
Language English
License CC BY 4.0
2013 Society for Conservation Biology.
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Notes University of Wyoming
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National Science Foundation - No. DEB-0717049; No. DEB-0812824
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2002; 150
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1995; 32
2008
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1994; 63
2009; 12
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1992; 28
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1998; 1
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1998; 265
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Snippet Outbreaks of infectious disease represent serious threats to the viability of many vertebrate populations, but few studies have included quantitative...
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pubmed
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wiley
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SourceType Aggregation Database
Index Database
Publisher
StartPage 303
SubjectTerms Animal diseases
Animal, plant and microbial ecology
Animals
Applied ecology
Biological and medical sciences
California
Carnivores
Conservation biology
Conservation of Natural Resources - methods
Conservation, protection and management of environment and wildlife
disease
Disease management
Disease models
Disease outbreaks
Disease Outbreaks - prevention & control
Disease Outbreaks - veterinary
Disease risks
Endangered & extinct species
Endangered Species
enfermedad
Epidemiology
epizootic model
Foxes
Foxes - physiology
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
General aspects
island fox
modelo
Models, Biological
monitoreo
monitoring
Parks, reserves, wildlife conservation. Endangered species: population survey and restocking
Population Dynamics
population viability
rabia
Rabies
Rabies - epidemiology
Rabies - prevention & control
Rabies - veterinary
Rabies Vaccines - administration & dosage
Rabies virus - physiology
Urocyon littoralis
Vaccination
vacunación
Wildlife management
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Title Using Population Viability Criteria to Assess Strategies to Minimize Disease Threats for an Endangered Carnivore
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https://www.jstor.org/stable/23525256
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111%2Fcobi.12020
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23521669
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Volume 27
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