Inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum plasmepsins by drugs targeting HIV-1 protease: A way forward for antimalarial drug discovery

• Published in: Current research in structural biology Vol. 7; p. 100128
• Main Authors: Mishra, Vandana, Deshmukh, Anuradha, Rathore, Ishan, Chakraborty, Satadru, Patankar, Swati, Gustchina, Alla, Wlodawer, Alexander, Yada, Rickey Y., Bhaumik, Prasenjit
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01-01-2024; Elsevier
• Subjects: crystal structures; Drug design; Drug repurposing; Hemoglobin; Inhibitors; Lopinavir; Malaria; Parasite; Plasmepsins; Protease; Ritonavir; Inhibitors; Malaria; Protease; Ritonavir; Lopinavir; Parasite; Hemoglobin; Drug repurposing; Drug design; Plasmepsins; crystal structures
• ISSN: 2665-928X; 2665-928X
• DOI: 10.1016/j.crstbi.2024.100128

Plasmodium species are causative agents of malaria, a disease that is a serious global health concern. FDA-approved HIV-1 protease inhibitors (HIV-1 PIs) have been reported to be effective in reducing the infection by Plasmodium parasites in the population co-infected with both HIV-1 and malaria. However, the mechanism of HIV-1 PIs in mitigating Plasmodium pathogenesis during malaria/HIV-1 co-infection is not fully understood. In this study we demonstrate that HIV-1 drugs ritonavir (RTV) and lopinavir (LPV) exhibit the highest inhibition activity against plasmepsin II (PMII) and plasmepsin X (PMX) of P. falciparum. Crystal structures of the complexes of PMII with both drugs have been determined. The inhibitors interact with PMII via multiple hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. The P4 moiety of RTV forms additional interactions compared to LPV and exhibits conformational flexibility in a large S4 pocket of PMII. Our study is also the first to report inhibition of P. falciparum PMX by RTV and the mode of binding of the drug to the PMX active site. Analysis of the crystal structures implies that PMs can accommodate bulkier groups of these inhibitors in their S4 binding pockets. Structurally similar active sites of different vacuolar and non-vacuolar PMs suggest the potential of HIV-1 PIs in targeting these enzymes with differential affinities. Our structural investigations and biochemical data emphasize PMs as crucial targets for repurposing HIV-1 PIs as antimalarial drugs.
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•HIV-1 drugs ritonavir (RTV) and lopinavir (LPV) inhibit activity of plasmepsin II (PMII) and plasmepsin X (PMX), pepsin-like aspartic proteases of P. falciparum, a parasite causing the deadliest forms of malaria.•First report of crystal structures of a plasmepsin (PMII) complexed with antiretroviral drugs RTV and LPV.•Molecular insights into the binding of HIV-1 drugs to the active site of vacuolar and non-vacuolar plasmepsins.•Repurposing of HIV-1 drugs as antimalarials.