The Impact of Supervised Manifold Learning on Structure Preserving and Classification Error: A Theoretical Study

• Published in: IEEE access Vol. 9; pp. 43909 - 43922
• Main Authors: Hajderanj, Laureta, Chen, Daqing, Weheliye, Isakh
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Piscataway IEEE 2021; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Classification; Classification error; Cost function; Data structures; Error analysis; Error reduction; Euclidean distance; Euclidean geometry; Machine learning; Manifold learning; Manifolds; Manifolds (mathematics); Measurement uncertainty; Principal component analysis; structure capturing; supervised manifold learning; visualization
• ISSN: 2169-3536; 2169-3536
• DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3066259

In recent years, a variety of supervised manifold learning techniques have been proposed to outperform their unsupervised alternative versions in terms of classification accuracy and data structure capturing. Some dissimilarity measures have been used in these techniques to guide the dimensionality reduction process. Their good performance was empirically demonstrated; however, the relevant analysis is still missing. This paper contributes to a theoretical analysis on a) how dissimilarity measures affect maintaining manifold neighbourhood structure and b) how supervised manifold learning techniques could contribute to the reduction of classification error. This paper also provides a cross-comparison between supervised and unsupervised manifold learning approaches in terms of structure capturing using Kendall's Tau coefficients and co-ranking matrices. Four different metrics (including three dissimilarity measures and Euclidean distance) have been considered along with manifold learning methods such as Isomap, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{t} </tex-math></inline-formula>-Stochastic Neighbour Embedding (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{t} </tex-math></inline-formula>-SNE), and Laplacian Eigenmaps (LE), in two datasets: Breast Cancer and Swiss-Roll. This paper concludes that although the dissimilarity measures used in the manifold learning techniques can reduce classification error, they do not learn well or preserve the structure of the hidden manifold in the high dimensional space, but instead, they destroy the structure of the data. Based on the findings of this paper, it is advisable to use supervised manifold learning techniques as a pre-processing step in classification. In addition, it is not advisable to apply supervised manifold learning for visualization purposes since the two-dimensional representation using supervised manifold learning does not improve the preservation of data structure.