Restoring Perivascular Adipose Tissue Function in Obesity Using Exercise

• Published in: Cardiovascular drugs and therapy Vol. 35; no. 6; pp. 1291 - 1304
• Main Authors: Saxton, Sophie N, Toms, Lauren K, Aldous, Robert G, Withers, Sarah B, Ohanian, Jacqueline, Heagerty, Anthony M
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York Springer US 01-12-2021; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Abnormalities; Adiponectin; Adipose tissue; Adipose Tissue - drug effects; Adrenergic receptors; Animals; Body fat; Body weight loss; BSCR Member Submissions; Cardiology; Complications; Contractility; Diabetes mellitus; Diet, High-Fat - adverse effects; Disease Models, Animal; Hyperglycemia; Hyperglycemia - chemically induced; Hyperinsulinism - chemically induced; Hypertension; Hypertension - chemically induced; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Muscle Contraction - drug effects; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular - drug effects; Noradrenaline; Norepinephrine; Obesity; Obesity - physiopathology; Obesity - therapy; Oct-4 protein; Octamer Transcription Factor-3 - drug effects; Organic cation transporter; Physical Conditioning, Animal - physiology; Physical training; Receptors (physiology); Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3 - drug effects; Recovery of function; Stimulation; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha - drug effects; Tumor necrosis factor-α; Tumors; Vascular diseases; Vasodilation; Weight control; Weight loss; Obesity; Exercise; Adipocytes; Adrenoceptors; Sympathetic nervous system
• ISSN: 0920-3206; 1573-7241
• DOI: 10.1007/s10557-020-07136-0

Purpose
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) exerts an anti-contractile effect which is vital in regulating vascular tone. This effect is mediated via sympathetic nervous stimulation of PVAT by a mechanism which involves noradrenaline uptake through organic cation transporter 3 (OCT3) and β
3
-adrenoceptor-mediated adiponectin release. In obesity, autonomic dysfunction occurs, which may result in a loss of PVAT function and subsequent vascular disease. Accordingly, we have investigated abnormalities in obese PVAT, and the potential for exercise in restoring function.
Methods
Vascular contractility to electrical field stimulation (EFS) was assessed ex vivo in the presence of pharmacological tools in ±PVAT vessels from obese and exercised obese mice. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect changes in expression of β
3
-adrenoceptors, OCT3 and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) in PVAT.
Results
High fat feeding induced hypertension, hyperglycaemia, and hyperinsulinaemia, which was reversed using exercise, independent of weight loss. Obesity induced a loss of the PVAT anti-contractile effect, which could not be restored via β
3
-adrenoceptor activation. Moreover, adiponectin no longer exerts vasodilation. Additionally, exercise reversed PVAT dysfunction in obesity by reducing inflammation of PVAT and increasing β
3
-adrenoceptor and OCT3 expression, which were downregulated in obesity. Furthermore, the vasodilator effects of adiponectin were restored.
Conclusion
Loss of neutrally mediated PVAT anti-contractile function in obesity will contribute to the development of hypertension and type II diabetes. Exercise training will restore function and treat the vascular complications of obesity.