Geographic differences in patterns of genetic differentiation among bitter and sweet manioc (Manihot esculenta subsp. esculenta; Euphorbiaceae)

• Premise of the study: Manioc (Manihot esculenta subsp. esculenta), one of the most important tropical food crops, is commonly divided according to cyanide content into two use-categories, “sweet” and “bitter.” While bitter and sweet varieties are genetically differentiated at the local scale, whet...

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Published in:American journal of botany Vol. 100; no. 5; pp. 857 - 866
Main Authors: Bradbury, E. Jane, Duputié, Anne, Delêtre, Marc, Roullier, Caroline, Narváez-Trujillo, Alexandra, Manu-Aduening, Joseph A, Emshwiller, Eve, McKey, Doyle
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: United States Botanical Society of America 01-05-2013
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Abstract • Premise of the study: Manioc (Manihot esculenta subsp. esculenta), one of the most important tropical food crops, is commonly divided according to cyanide content into two use-categories, “sweet” and “bitter.” While bitter and sweet varieties are genetically differentiated at the local scale, whether this differentiation is consistent across continents is yet unknown.• Methods: Using eight microsatellite loci, we genotyped 522 manioc samples (135 bitter and 387 sweet) from Ecuador, French Guiana, Cameroon, Gabon, Ghana, and Vanuatu. Genetic differentiation between use-categories was assessed using double principal coordinate analyses (DPCoA) with multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and Jost’s measure of estimated differentiation (Dest). Genetic structure was analyzed using Bayesian clustering analysis.• Key results: Manioc neutral genetic diversity was high in all sampled regions. Sweet and bitter manioc landraces are differentiated in South America but not in Africa. Correspondingly, bitter and sweet manioc samples share a higher proportion of neutral alleles in Africa than in South America. We also found seven clones classified by some farmers as sweet and by others as bitter.• Conclusions: Lack of differentiation in Africa is most likely due to postintroduction hybridization between bitter and sweet manioc. Inconsistent transfer from South America to Africa of ethnobotanical knowledge surrounding use-category management may contribute to increased hybridization in Africa. Investigating this issue requires more data on the variation in cyanogenesis in roots within and among manioc populations and how manioc diversity is managed on the farm.
AbstractList • Premise of the study: Manioc ( Manihot esculenta subsp. esculenta ), one of the most important tropical food crops, is commonly divided according to cyanide content into two use‐categories, “sweet” and “bitter.” While bitter and sweet varieties are genetically differentiated at the local scale, whether this differentiation is consistent across continents is yet unknown. • Methods: Using eight microsatellite loci, we genotyped 522 manioc samples (135 bitter and 387 sweet) from Ecuador, French Guiana, Cameroon, Gabon, Ghana, and Vanuatu. Genetic differentiation between use‐categories was assessed using double principal coordinate analyses (DPCoA) with multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and Jost's measure of estimated differentiation ( D est ). Genetic structure was analyzed using Bayesian clustering analysis. • Key results: Manioc neutral genetic diversity was high in all sampled regions. Sweet and bitter manioc landraces are differentiated in South America but not in Africa. Correspondingly, bitter and sweet manioc samples share a higher proportion of neutral alleles in Africa than in South America. We also found seven clones classified by some farmers as sweet and by others as bitter. • Conclusions: Lack of differentiation in Africa is most likely due to postintroduction hybridization between bitter and sweet manioc. Inconsistent transfer from South America to Africa of ethnobotanical knowledge surrounding use‐category management may contribute to increased hybridization in Africa. Investigating this issue requires more data on the variation in cyanogenesis in roots within and among manioc populations and how manioc diversity is managed on the farm.
• Premise of the study: Manioc (Manihot esculenta subsp. esculenta), one of the most important tropical food crops, is commonly divided according to cyanide content into two use‐categories, “sweet” and “bitter.” While bitter and sweet varieties are genetically differentiated at the local scale, whether this differentiation is consistent across continents is yet unknown. • Methods: Using eight microsatellite loci, we genotyped 522 manioc samples (135 bitter and 387 sweet) from Ecuador, French Guiana, Cameroon, Gabon, Ghana, and Vanuatu. Genetic differentiation between use‐categories was assessed using double principal coordinate analyses (DPCoA) with multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and Jost's measure of estimated differentiation (Dest). Genetic structure was analyzed using Bayesian clustering analysis. • Key results: Manioc neutral genetic diversity was high in all sampled regions. Sweet and bitter manioc landraces are differentiated in South America but not in Africa. Correspondingly, bitter and sweet manioc samples share a higher proportion of neutral alleles in Africa than in South America. We also found seven clones classified by some farmers as sweet and by others as bitter. • Conclusions: Lack of differentiation in Africa is most likely due to postintroduction hybridization between bitter and sweet manioc. Inconsistent transfer from South America to Africa of ethnobotanical knowledge surrounding use‐category management may contribute to increased hybridization in Africa. Investigating this issue requires more data on the variation in cyanogenesis in roots within and among manioc populations and how manioc diversity is managed on the farm.
Manioc (Manihot esculenta subsp. esculenta), one of the most important tropical food crops, is commonly divided according to cyanide content into two use-categories, "sweet" and "bitter." While bitter and sweet varieties are genetically differentiated at the local scale, whether this differentiation is consistent across continents is yet unknown. Using eight microsatellite loci, we genotyped 522 manioc samples (135 bitter and 387 sweet) from Ecuador, French Guiana, Cameroon, Gabon, Ghana, and Vanuatu. Genetic differentiation between use-categories was assessed using double principal coordinate analyses (DPCoA) with multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and Jost's measure of estimated differentiation (Dest). Genetic structure was analyzed using Bayesian clustering analysis. Manioc neutral genetic diversity was high in all sampled regions. Sweet and bitter manioc landraces are differentiated in South America but not in Africa. Correspondingly, bitter and sweet manioc samples share a higher proportion of neutral alleles in Africa than in South America. We also found seven clones classified by some farmers as sweet and by others as bitter. Lack of differentiation in Africa is most likely due to postintroduction hybridization between bitter and sweet manioc. Inconsistent transfer from South America to Africa of ethnobotanical knowledge surrounding use-category management may contribute to increased hybridization in Africa. Investigating this issue requires more data on the variation in cyanogenesis in roots within and among manioc populations and how manioc diversity is managed on the farm.
Manioc (Manihot esculenta subsp. esculenta), one of the most important tropical food crops, is commonly divided according to cyanide content into two use-categories, "sweet" and "bitter." While bitter and sweet varieties are genetically differentiated at the local scale, whether this differentiation is consistent across continents is yet unknown. • Using eight microsatellite loci, we genotyped 522 manioc samples (135 bitter and 387 sweet) from Ecuador, French Guiana, Cameroon, Gabon, Ghana, and Vanuatu. Genetic differentiation between use-categories was assessed using double principal coordinate analyses (DPCoA) with multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and Jost's measure of estimated differentiation (D(est)). Genetic structure was analyzed using Bayesian clustering analysis. • Manioc neutral genetic diversity was high in all sampled regions. Sweet and bitter manioc landraces are differentiated in South America but not in Africa. Correspondingly, bitter and sweet manioc samples share a higher proportion of neutral alleles in Africa than in South America. We also found seven clones classified by some farmers as sweet and by others as bitter. • Lack of differentiation in Africa is most likely due to postintroduction hybridization between bitter and sweet manioc. Inconsistent transfer from South America to Africa of ethnobotanical knowledge surrounding use-category management may contribute to increased hybridization in Africa. Investigating this issue requires more data on the variation in cyanogenesis in roots within and among manioc populations and how manioc diversity is managed on the farm.
• Premise of the study: Manioc (Manihot esculenta subsp. esculenta), one of the most important tropical food crops, is commonly divided according to cyanide content into two use-categories, “sweet” and “bitter.” While bitter and sweet varieties are genetically differentiated at the local scale, whether this differentiation is consistent across continents is yet unknown.• Methods: Using eight microsatellite loci, we genotyped 522 manioc samples (135 bitter and 387 sweet) from Ecuador, French Guiana, Cameroon, Gabon, Ghana, and Vanuatu. Genetic differentiation between use-categories was assessed using double principal coordinate analyses (DPCoA) with multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and Jost’s measure of estimated differentiation (Dest). Genetic structure was analyzed using Bayesian clustering analysis.• Key results: Manioc neutral genetic diversity was high in all sampled regions. Sweet and bitter manioc landraces are differentiated in South America but not in Africa. Correspondingly, bitter and sweet manioc samples share a higher proportion of neutral alleles in Africa than in South America. We also found seven clones classified by some farmers as sweet and by others as bitter.• Conclusions: Lack of differentiation in Africa is most likely due to postintroduction hybridization between bitter and sweet manioc. Inconsistent transfer from South America to Africa of ethnobotanical knowledge surrounding use-category management may contribute to increased hybridization in Africa. Investigating this issue requires more data on the variation in cyanogenesis in roots within and among manioc populations and how manioc diversity is managed on the farm.
Premise of the study: Manioc (Manihot esculenta subsp. esculenta), one of the most important tropical food crops, is commonly divided according to cyanide content into two use-categories, "sweet" and "bitter." While bitter and sweet varieties are genetically differentiated at the local scale, whether this differentiation is consistent across continents is yet unknown. Methods: Using eight microsatellite loci, we genotyped 522 manioc samples (135 bitter and 387 sweet) from Ecuador, French Guiana, Cameroon, Gabon, Ghana, and Vanuatu. Genetic differentiation between use-categories was assessed using double principal coordinate analyses (DPCoA) with multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and Jost's measure of estimated differentiation (D est ). Genetic structure was analyzed using Bayesian clustering analysis. Key results: Manioc neutral genetic diversity was high in all sampled regions. Sweet and bitter manioc landraces are differentiated in South America but not in Africa. Correspondingly, bitter and sweet manioc samples share a higher proportion of neutral alleles in Africa than in South America. We also found seven clones classified by some farmers as sweet and by others as bitter. Conclusions: Lack of differentiation in Africa is most likely due to postintroduction hybridization between bitter and sweet manioc. Inconsistent transfer from South America to Africa of ethnobotanical knowledge surrounding use-category management may contribute to increased hybridization in Africa. Investigating this issue requires more data on the variation in cyanogenesis in roots within and among manioc populations and how manioc diversity is managed on the farm.
UNLABELLEDPREMISE OF THE STUDYManioc (Manihot esculenta subsp. esculenta), one of the most important tropical food crops, is commonly divided according to cyanide content into two use-categories, "sweet" and "bitter." While bitter and sweet varieties are genetically differentiated at the local scale, whether this differentiation is consistent across continents is yet unknown. •METHODSUsing eight microsatellite loci, we genotyped 522 manioc samples (135 bitter and 387 sweet) from Ecuador, French Guiana, Cameroon, Gabon, Ghana, and Vanuatu. Genetic differentiation between use-categories was assessed using double principal coordinate analyses (DPCoA) with multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and Jost's measure of estimated differentiation (D(est)). Genetic structure was analyzed using Bayesian clustering analysis. •KEY RESULTSManioc neutral genetic diversity was high in all sampled regions. Sweet and bitter manioc landraces are differentiated in South America but not in Africa. Correspondingly, bitter and sweet manioc samples share a higher proportion of neutral alleles in Africa than in South America. We also found seven clones classified by some farmers as sweet and by others as bitter. •CONCLUSIONSLack of differentiation in Africa is most likely due to postintroduction hybridization between bitter and sweet manioc. Inconsistent transfer from South America to Africa of ethnobotanical knowledge surrounding use-category management may contribute to increased hybridization in Africa. Investigating this issue requires more data on the variation in cyanogenesis in roots within and among manioc populations and how manioc diversity is managed on the farm.
Author Narváez-Trujillo, Alexandra
Duputié, Anne
Roullier, Caroline
Delêtre, Marc
Manu-Aduening, Joseph A
Emshwiller, Eve
McKey, Doyle
Bradbury, E. Jane
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BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23548671$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Issue 5
Keywords microsatellite loci
crop management
population structure
cassava
domestication
Euphorbiaceae
crop migration
small-holder agriculture
cyanogenesis
Language English
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Notes http://dx.doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1200482
The authors extend deepest thanks to J. Salick, Missouri Botanical Gardens, for generously contributing dried leaf material to this project, though we were unable to extract usable DNA; L. Benoit and M. P. Dubois at Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive (CEFE), Montpellier, France for all of their help in the laboratory; F. Cerqueira for help with the ABI 3130 sequencer; and S. Friedrichs, University of Wisconsin‐Madison Botany Department Graphics Laboratory, for help with figures. Genotyping was done using the technical facilities of the IFR‐119 “Montpellier Environnement Biodiversité.” This research was funded by NSF Franco‐American Cultural Exchange (NSF OISE‐0623583) and by the program ‘Ecosystèmes Tropicaux’ of the Ministry of Ecology and Sustainable Development, France. A.D. was funded by European Commission's FP7 Marie Curie IOF grant TRECC‐2009‐237228. M.D. received a grant (RS/2005/44) from The Irish Research Council for Science, Engineering and Technology (IRCSET, funded under the National Development Plan).
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SSID ssj0009492
Score 2.249919
Snippet • Premise of the study: Manioc (Manihot esculenta subsp. esculenta), one of the most important tropical food crops, is commonly divided according to cyanide...
Premise of the study: Manioc (Manihot esculenta subsp. esculenta), one of the most important tropical food crops, is commonly divided according to cyanide...
Manioc (Manihot esculenta subsp. esculenta), one of the most important tropical food crops, is commonly divided according to cyanide content into two...
• Premise of the study: Manioc ( Manihot esculenta subsp. esculenta ), one of the most important tropical food crops, is commonly divided according to cyanide...
UNLABELLEDPREMISE OF THE STUDYManioc (Manihot esculenta subsp. esculenta), one of the most important tropical food crops, is commonly divided according to...
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StartPage 857
SubjectTerms Africa
Alleles
Bayesian analysis
Botany
Cassava
clones
cluster analysis
Crop management
crop migration
cyanides
cyanogenesis
Demography
domestication
Economic Botany
ethnobotany
Euphorbiaceae
Farmers
farms
Flowers & plants
Food crops
Genetic Variation
Genetics
Genotypes
geographical variation
hybridization
landraces
Manihot - genetics
Manihot esculenta
microsatellite loci
microsatellite repeats
Multivariate analysis
Phylogeography
population structure
roots
small‐holder agriculture
South America
Sustainable agriculture
tropical foods
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Title Geographic differences in patterns of genetic differentiation among bitter and sweet manioc (Manihot esculenta subsp. esculenta; Euphorbiaceae)
URI https://www.jstor.org/stable/23434584
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.3732%2Fajb.1200482
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23548671
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1349533385
https://search.proquest.com/docview/1349091810
Volume 100
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