Concurrent human TMS-EEG-fMRI enables monitoring of oscillatory brain state-dependent gating of cortico-subcortical network activity

• Published in: Communications biology Vol. 3; no. 1; p. 40
• Main Authors: Peters, Judith C., Reithler, Joel, Graaf, Tom A. de, Schuhmann, Teresa, Goebel, Rainer, Sack, Alexander T.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 22-01-2020; Nature Publishing Group
• Subjects: 59/36; 59/57; 631/378/2632/2635; 631/378/3920; 96/95; Adult; Biology; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Brain - diagnostic imaging; Brain - physiology; Brain mapping; Brain Mapping - methods; Cerebral Cortex - diagnostic imaging; Cerebral Cortex - physiology; Cognitive ability; Cortex (premotor); EEG; Electroencephalography - methods; Excitability; Female; Functional magnetic resonance imaging; Gating; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Life Sciences; Magnetic fields; Magnetic Resonance Imaging - methods; Motor Cortex - diagnostic imaging; Motor Cortex - physiology; Neostriatum; Neural networks; Neural Pathways; Propagation; Reproducibility of Results; Signal Transduction; Thalamus; Transcranial magnetic stimulation; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation - methods
• ISSN: 2399-3642; 2399-3642
• DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0764-0

Despite growing interest, the causal mechanisms underlying human neural network dynamics remain elusive. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) allows to noninvasively probe neural excitability, while concurrent fMRI can log the induced activity propagation through connected network nodes. However, this approach ignores ongoing oscillatory fluctuations which strongly affect network excitability and concomitant behavior. Here, we show that concurrent TMS-EEG-fMRI enables precise and direct monitoring of causal dependencies between oscillatory states and signal propagation throughout cortico-subcortical networks. To demonstrate the utility of this multimodal triad, we assessed how pre-TMS EEG power fluctuations influenced motor network activations induced by subthreshold TMS to right dorsal premotor cortex. In participants with adequate motor network reactivity, strong pre-TMS alpha power reduced TMS-evoked hemodynamic activations throughout the bilateral cortico-subcortical motor system (including striatum and thalamus), suggesting shunted network connectivity. Concurrent TMS-EEG-fMRI opens an exciting noninvasive avenue of subject-tailored network research into dynamic cognitive circuits and their dysfunction.
Peters and Reithler et al. use TMS, EEG, and fMRI concurrently to study how oscillatory fluctuations in network excitability influence brain-wide propagation of TMS-induced activation. Exemplifying this approach in the human motor system, they show how these techniques can be combined to gain insights into gating of functional networks by oscillatory states.