Simultaneous Control of Venous Reservoir Level and Arterial Flow Rate in Cardiopulmonary Bypass with a Centrifugal Pump

• Published in: IEEE journal of translational engineering in health and medicine Vol. 11; p. 1
• Main Authors: Takahashi, Hidenobu, Kinoshita, Takuya, Soh, Zu, Okahara, Shigeyuki, Miyamoto, Satoshi, Ninomiya, Shinji, Tsuji, Toshio
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States IEEE 01-01-2023; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Animals; Automatic control systems; Automatic occluder control; Blood; Blood flow; Cameras; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Cardiopulmonary Bypass; Cardiopulmonary bypass systems; Catheters, Indwelling; Cattle; Centrifugal pumps; Control systems; Feedback control; Flow velocity; Heart-Lung Machine; Humans; Level control; Model matching; Reservoirs; Robust control; Suction; Surgery; Two-degrees-of-freedom model matching control; two-degrees-of-freedom model matching control; Cardiopulmonary bypass systems; automatic occluder control
• ISSN: 2168-2372; 2168-2372
• DOI: 10.1109/JTEHM.2023.3290951

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is an indispensable technique in cardiac surgery, providing the ability to temporarily replace cardiopulmonary function and create a bloodless surgical field. Traditionally, the operation of CPB systems has depended on the expertise and experience of skilled perfusionists. In particular, simultaneously controlling the arterial and venous occluders is difficult because the blood flow rate and reservoir level both change, and failure may put the patient's life at risk. This study proposes an automatic control system with a two-degree-of-freedom model matching controller nested in an I-PD feedback controller to simultaneously regulate the blood flow rate and reservoir level. CPB operations were performed using glycerin and bovine blood as perfusate to simulate flow-up and flow-down phases. The results confirmed that the arterial blood flow rate followed the manually adjusted target venous blood flow rate, with an error of less than 5.32%, and the reservoir level was maintained, with an error of less than 3.44% from the target reservoir level. Then, we assessed the robustness of the control system against disturbances caused by venting/suction of blood. The resulting flow rate error was 5.95%, and the reservoir level error 2.02%. The accuracy of the proposed system is clinically satisfactory and within the allowable error range of 10% or less, meeting the standards set for perfusionists. Moreover, because of the system's simple configuration, consisting of a camera and notebook PC, the system can easily be integrated with general CPB equipment. This practical design enables seamless adoption in clinical settings. With these advancements, the proposed system represents a significant step towards the automation of CPB.