On modeling pollution-generating technologies

• Published in: Journal of environmental economics and management Vol. 64; no. 1; pp. 117 - 135
• Main Authors: Murty, Sushama, Robert Russell, R., Levkoff, Steven B.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York Elsevier Inc 01-07-2012; Elsevier Science Publishing Company, Inc
• Subjects: Data envelopment analysis; Disposability; Economic models; Efficiency; Electric power plants; Environmental and technical efficiency measurement; Free disposability; Indexes; Input-output analysis; Pollution; Pollution sources; Pollution-generating technologies; Studies; Technology; Trade-off; Weak disposability; Environmental and technical efficiency measurement; Pollution-generating technologies; Free disposability; Weak disposability; Data envelopment analysis
• ISSN: 0095-0696; 1096-0449
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2012.02.005

We argue analytically that many commonly used models of pollution-generating technologies, which treat pollution as a freely disposable input or as a weakly disposable and null-joint output, may generate unacceptable implications for the trade-offs among inputs, outputs, and pollution. We show that the correct trade-offs in production are best captured if a pollution-generating technology is modeled as an intersection of an intended-production technology of the firm and nature's residual-generation set. The former satisfies standard disposability properties, while the latter violates free (strong) disposability of pollution and pollution-causing inputs. As a result, the intersection—which we call a by-production technology—violates standard free disposability of pollution and pollution-causing inputs. Employing data envelopment analysis on an electric-power-plant database, we illustrate shortcomings, under by-production, of two popular efficiency indexes: the hyperbolic and directional-distance-function indexes. We propose and implement an alternative index with superior properties. Under by-production, most efficiency indexes decompose very naturally into intended-production and environmental efficiency indexes. This decomposition is difficult to find under alternative specifications of pollution-generating technologies.