Reproductive functions and hypothalamic catecholamines in response to the soil fumigant metam sodium: Adaptations to extended exposures

• Published in: Neurotoxicology and teratology Vol. 29; no. 3; pp. 368 - 376
• Main Authors: Goldman, Jerome M, Cooper, Ralph L, Murr, Ashley S
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York, NY Elsevier Inc 01-05-2007; Elsevier Science
• Subjects: 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid - metabolism; Animals; Biological and medical sciences; Catecholamines; Catecholamines - metabolism; Caudate Nucleus - drug effects; Caudate Nucleus - metabolism; Dopamine - metabolism; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Emergency; Estrous Cycle - drug effects; Estrous cyclicity; Female; Hypothalamus; Hypothalamus - drug effects; Hypothalamus - metabolism; Luteinizing hormone; Luteinizing Hormone - blood; Medical Education; Medical sciences; Metam sodium; Norepinephrine - metabolism; Oocytes - drug effects; Pesticides - toxicity; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reproduction - drug effects; Thiocarbamates - toxicity; Toxicology; Luteinizing hormone; Catecholamines; Hypothalamus; Metam sodium; Estrous cyclicity; Central nervous system; Fumigant; Exposure; Gonadotropin; Catecholamine; Encephalon; Soils; Reproduction; Adenohypophyseal hormone; Sodium; Estrous cycle; Adaptation
• ISSN: 0892-0362; 1872-9738
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2006.11.011

Abstract Metam sodium (MS) is a soil fumigant and Category II pesticide with a relatively low toxicity in mammals. Previous data have shown an ability to impair reproductive mechanisms in ovariectomized, estradiol-primed rats. A single i.p. injection blocked the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge that in gonadal-intact females initiates the final stages of follicular and oocytic maturation and serves as the trigger for ovulation. The effect paralleled a fall in hypothalamic norepinephrine (NE) and rise in hypothalamic dopamine (DA) that was likely due to a suppression in dopamine- β -hydroxylase activity. In addition to determining the influence on catecholamine (CA) concentrations from a single oral exposure to MS, the present study explored effects of longer, 3-week treatments on estrous cyclicity, the LH surge, ovulation and hypothalamic CAs. Normally cycling 90 d S–D rats were administered MS (0–200 mg/kg/d, oral) and cyclicity was monitored daily. At the end of the 3rd week, proestrous blood was sampled over the afternoon from regular 4-day cyclers for a determination of LH. These animals were then killed on the following day of estrus (treatment days 21–26) for oocyte retrieval and assessment of hypothalamic CAs. Results showed that shortly after treatment began there occurred a dose-related period of persistent diestrus that typically lasted 8–16 d before regular cycles were reinstated. After 3 weeks, no effects were seen on the magnitude/timing of the LH surge or ovulated oocyte numbers. Anterior and posterior hypothalamic NE and DA were not significantly different from controls, although DA turnover (reflected by the ratio of DOPAC {3,4-dihydroxy-phenylacetic acid} to DA) in both anterior hypothalamic and caudate regions was decreased at all dosages. The data indicate that a 3 week oral exposure to MS induced an initial period of extended diestrus before the resumption of apparently normal reproductive activity, with previously reported CA alterations (apart from a persistent alteration in the DOPAC/DA ratio) being normalized by the end of dosing.