Injections through skin colonized with Staphylococcus aureus biofilm introduce contamination despite standard antimicrobial preparation procedures

• Published in: Scientific reports Vol. 7; no. 1; p. 45070
• Main Authors: Wang, Yi, Leng, Valery, Patel, Viraj, Phillips, K. Scott
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 23-03-2017; Nature Publishing Group
• Subjects: 14/28; 14/35; 60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES; 631/1647/2234; 631/1647/328/1978; 631/326/46; 692/308/1426; 692/699/255/1318; 96/35; Animal models; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents - pharmacology; Antimicrobial agents; Biofilms; Chlorhexidine; Contamination; Decontamination; Dermal fillers; Disease Models, Animal; Humanities and Social Sciences; Humans; Hypodermic needles; Injection; Iodine; multidisciplinary; Needles; Povidone; Science; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Silicones; Skin; Skin tests; Spine; Staphylococcal Infections - microbiology; Staphylococcal Skin Infections - microbiology; Staphylococcus aureus - drug effects; Staphylococcus aureus - physiology; Statistical analysis; Swine
• ISSN: 2045-2322; 2045-2322
• DOI: 10.1038/srep45070

While surgical site preparation has been extensively studied, there is little information about resistance of skin microbiota in the biofilm form to antimicrobial decontamination, and there are no quantitative models to study how biofilm might be transferred into sterile tissue/implant materials during injections for joint spine and tendon, aspiration biopsies and dermal fillers (DF). In this work, we develop two
in vitro
models to simulate the process of skin preparation and DF injection using pig skin and SimSkin (silicone) materials, respectively. Using the pig skin model, we tested three of the most common skin preparation wipes (alcohol, chlorhexidine and povidone iodine) and found that during wiping they reduced the biofilm bacterial burden of
S. aureus
(CFU cm
−2
) by three logs with no statistically significant differences between wipes. Using the SimSkin model, we found that transfer of viable bacteria increased with needle diameter for 30G, 25G and 18G needles. Transfer incidence decreased as injection depth was increased from 1 mm to 3 mm. Serial puncture and linear threading injection styles had similar transfer incidence, whereas fanning significantly increased transfer incidence. The results show that contamination of DF during injection is a risk that can be reduced by modifying skin prep and injection practices.