Inhibitory Activities of Rare Ginsenoside Rg4 on Cecal Ligation and Puncture-Induced Sepsis

• Published in: International journal of molecular sciences Vol. 23; no. 18; p. 10836
• Main Authors: Kim, Go Oun, Kim, Nayeon, Song, Gyu Yong, Bae, Jong-Sup
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 16-09-2022; MDPI
• Subjects: 1-Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; AKT protein; Blood; Body weight; Cecum; Cell viability; CLP; Cytokines; Endothelial cells; Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Gene expression; Ginseng; ginsenoside Rg4; HMGB1 protein; Infections; Inflammation; kidney injury; Morbidity; Nitric oxide; Panax ginseng; Sepsis; Surgery; Survival; Toll-like receptors; Tumor necrosis factor-α
• ISSN: 1422-0067; 1661-6596; 1422-0067
• DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810836

Sepsis is an uncontrolled response to inflammatory infection and is associated with high levels of mortality and morbidity. Rg4 is a rare ginsenoside mainly found in the leaves of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer and the major protopanaxatriol-type ginsenoside of black ginseng. In this study, we determined whether Rg4 affects cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis. Animals were separated into the following six groups: control group, CLP-operated group, CLP plus maslinic acid (MA), and CLP plus Rg4 (5, 10, or 15 mg/kg). Survival rate, body weight changes, inflammatory cytokines, and histological analyses were assessed. Human endothelial cells were activated with the high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein and Rg4. Cell viability was determined using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot analysis were used to assess inflammation and gene expression, respectively. After CLP surgery, the Rg4-administered group exhibited a higher survival rate and body weight compared with the untreated control group. Rg4 treatment reduced cytokine levels, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β, as well as nitric oxide (NO) levels and renal inflammation. After Rg4 treatment of HMGB1-activated cells, the expressions of toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and TNF-α were decreased, and the activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling increased cell viability. In summary, Rg4 inhibited inflammation and exhibited a protective effect against CLP-induced sepsis, thereby reinforcing cell survival against septic responses.