"What You Need, Baby, I Got It": Transposable Elements as Suppliers of Cis-Operating Sequences in Drosophila

Transposable elements (TEs) are constitutive components of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes. The role of TEs in the evolution of genes and genomes has been widely assessed over the past years in a variety of model and non-model organisms. is undoubtedly among the most powerful model organisms...

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Published in:	Biology (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 9; no. 2; p. 25
Main Authors:	Moschetti, Roberta, Palazzo, Antonio, Lorusso, Patrizio, Viggiano, Luigi, Marsano, René Massimiliano
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Switzerland MDPI 03-02-2020 MDPI AG
Subjects:	cis-regulatory elements drosophila melanogaster enhancer genome evolution heterochromatin insulator promoter Review transposable elements cis-regulatory elements enhancer genome evolution promoter transposable elements Drosophila melanogaster insulator heterochromatin
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Abstract	Transposable elements (TEs) are constitutive components of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes. The role of TEs in the evolution of genes and genomes has been widely assessed over the past years in a variety of model and non-model organisms. is undoubtedly among the most powerful model organisms used for the purpose of studying the role of transposons and their effects on the stability and evolution of genes and genomes. Besides their most intuitive role as insertional mutagens, TEs can modify the transcriptional pattern of host genes by juxtaposing new -regulatory sequences. A key element of TE biology is that they carry transcriptional control elements that fine-tune the transcription of their own genes, but that can also perturb the transcriptional activity of neighboring host genes. From this perspective, the transposition-mediated modulation of gene expression is an important issue for the short-term adaptation of physiological functions to the environmental changes, and for long-term evolutionary changes. Here, we review the current literature concerning the regulatory and structural elements operating in provided by TEs in . Furthermore, we highlight that, besides their influence on both TEs and host genes expression, they can affect the chromatin structure and epigenetic status as well as both the chromosome's structure and stability. It emerges that is a good model organism to study the effect of TE-linked regulatory sequences, and it could help future studies on TE-host interactions in any complex eukaryotic genome.
AbstractList	Transposable elements (TEs) are constitutive components of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes. The role of TEs in the evolution of genes and genomes has been widely assessed over the past years in a variety of model and non-model organisms. is undoubtedly among the most powerful model organisms used for the purpose of studying the role of transposons and their effects on the stability and evolution of genes and genomes. Besides their most intuitive role as insertional mutagens, TEs can modify the transcriptional pattern of host genes by juxtaposing new -regulatory sequences. A key element of TE biology is that they carry transcriptional control elements that fine-tune the transcription of their own genes, but that can also perturb the transcriptional activity of neighboring host genes. From this perspective, the transposition-mediated modulation of gene expression is an important issue for the short-term adaptation of physiological functions to the environmental changes, and for long-term evolutionary changes. Here, we review the current literature concerning the regulatory and structural elements operating in provided by TEs in . Furthermore, we highlight that, besides their influence on both TEs and host genes expression, they can affect the chromatin structure and epigenetic status as well as both the chromosome's structure and stability. It emerges that is a good model organism to study the effect of TE-linked regulatory sequences, and it could help future studies on TE-host interactions in any complex eukaryotic genome. Transposable elements (TEs) are constitutive components of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes. The role of TEs in the evolution of genes and genomes has been widely assessed over the past years in a variety of model and non-model organisms. Drosophila is undoubtedly among the most powerful model organisms used for the purpose of studying the role of transposons and their effects on the stability and evolution of genes and genomes. Besides their most intuitive role as insertional mutagens, TEs can modify the transcriptional pattern of host genes by juxtaposing new cis -regulatory sequences. A key element of TE biology is that they carry transcriptional control elements that fine-tune the transcription of their own genes, but that can also perturb the transcriptional activity of neighboring host genes. From this perspective, the transposition-mediated modulation of gene expression is an important issue for the short-term adaptation of physiological functions to the environmental changes, and for long-term evolutionary changes. Here, we review the current literature concerning the regulatory and structural elements operating in cis provided by TEs in Drosophila . Furthermore, we highlight that, besides their influence on both TEs and host genes expression, they can affect the chromatin structure and epigenetic status as well as both the chromosome’s structure and stability. It emerges that Drosophila is a good model organism to study the effect of TE-linked regulatory sequences, and it could help future studies on TE–host interactions in any complex eukaryotic genome. Transposable elements (TEs) are constitutive components of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes. The role of TEs in the evolution of genes and genomes has been widely assessed over the past years in a variety of model and non-model organisms. Drosophila is undoubtedly among the most powerful model organisms used for the purpose of studying the role of transposons and their effects on the stability and evolution of genes and genomes. Besides their most intuitive role as insertional mutagens, TEs can modify the transcriptional pattern of host genes by juxtaposing new cis-regulatory sequences. A key element of TE biology is that they carry transcriptional control elements that fine-tune the transcription of their own genes, but that can also perturb the transcriptional activity of neighboring host genes. From this perspective, the transposition-mediated modulation of gene expression is an important issue for the short-term adaptation of physiological functions to the environmental changes, and for long-term evolutionary changes. Here, we review the current literature concerning the regulatory and structural elements operating in cis provided by TEs in Drosophila. Furthermore, we highlight that, besides their influence on both TEs and host genes expression, they can affect the chromatin structure and epigenetic status as well as both the chromosome’s structure and stability. It emerges that Drosophila is a good model organism to study the effect of TE-linked regulatory sequences, and it could help future studies on TE–host interactions in any complex eukaryotic genome. Transposable elements (TEs) are constitutive components of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes. The role of TEs in the evolution of genes and genomes has been widely assessed over the past years in a variety of model and non-model organisms. Drosophila is undoubtedly among the most powerful model organisms used for the purpose of studying the role of transposons and their effects on the stability and evolution of genes and genomes. Besides their most intuitive role as insertional mutagens, TEs can modify the transcriptional pattern of host genes by juxtaposing new cis-regulatory sequences. A key element of TE biology is that they carry transcriptional control elements that fine-tune the transcription of their own genes, but that can also perturb the transcriptional activity of neighboring host genes. From this perspective, the transposition-mediated modulation of gene expression is an important issue for the short-term adaptation of physiological functions to the environmental changes, and for long-term evolutionary changes. Here, we review the current literature concerning the regulatory and structural elements operating in cis provided by TEs in Drosophila. Furthermore, we highlight that, besides their influence on both TEs and host genes expression, they can affect the chromatin structure and epigenetic status as well as both the chromosome's structure and stability. It emerges that Drosophila is a good model organism to study the effect of TE-linked regulatory sequences, and it could help future studies on TE−host interactions in any complex eukaryotic genome.
Author	Palazzo, Antonio Moschetti, Roberta Viggiano, Luigi Lorusso, Patrizio Marsano, René Massimiliano
AuthorAffiliation	2 Laboratory of Translational Nanotechnology, “Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II” I.R.C.C.S, Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70125 Bari, Italy; a.palazzo@oncologico.bari.it 1 Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; roberta.moschetti@uniba.it (R.M.); lorusso.patrizio@libero.it (P.L.); luigi.viggiano@uniba.it (L.V.)
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 2 Laboratory of Translational Nanotechnology, “Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II” I.R.C.C.S, Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70125 Bari, Italy; a.palazzo@oncologico.bari.it – name: 1 Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; roberta.moschetti@uniba.it (R.M.); lorusso.patrizio@libero.it (P.L.); luigi.viggiano@uniba.it (L.V.)
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Roberta surname: Moschetti fullname: Moschetti, Roberta organization: Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro". Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy – sequence: 2 givenname: Antonio surname: Palazzo fullname: Palazzo, Antonio organization: Laboratory of Translational Nanotechnology, "Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II" I.R.C.C.S. Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70125 Bari, Italy – sequence: 3 givenname: Patrizio surname: Lorusso fullname: Lorusso, Patrizio organization: Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro". Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy – sequence: 4 givenname: Luigi surname: Viggiano fullname: Viggiano, Luigi organization: Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro". Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy – sequence: 5 givenname: René Massimiliano surname: Marsano fullname: Marsano, René Massimiliano organization: Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro". Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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Keywords	cis-regulatory elements enhancer genome evolution promoter transposable elements Drosophila melanogaster insulator heterochromatin
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Snippet	Transposable elements (TEs) are constitutive components of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes. The role of TEs in the evolution of genes and genomes has...
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SubjectTerms	cis-regulatory elements drosophila melanogaster enhancer genome evolution heterochromatin insulator promoter Review transposable elements
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Title	"What You Need, Baby, I Got It": Transposable Elements as Suppliers of Cis-Operating Sequences in Drosophila
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