Low Holding Densities Increase Stress Response and Aggression in Zebrafish

• Published in: Biology (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 11; no. 5; p. 725
• Main Authors: Andersson, Marica, Roques, Jonathan A C, Aliti, Geoffrey Mukisa, Ademar, Karin, Sundh, Henrik, Sundell, Kristina, Ericson, Mia, Kettunen, Petronella
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 09-05-2022; MDPI
• Subjects: Aggression; Aggressive behavior; Animal husbandry; behavior; behaviour; brain; cod gadus-morhua; cortisol; Danio rerio; Environmental Sciences; Evolutionary Biology; Evolutionsbiologi; holding density; Hormones; Housing; husbandry; Laboratory animals; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Miljövetenskap; Morphology; Physiology; populations; rearing density; serotonin levels; Social interactions; stocking density; Stress; Stress response; Vertical distribution; water; water cortisol; welfare; whole-body cortisol; Zebrafish; Sweden; water cortisol; behaviour; husbandry; zebrafish; holding density; welfare
• ISSN: 2079-7737; 2079-7737
• DOI: 10.3390/biology11050725

With laboratory zebrafish (
) being an established and popular research model, there is a need for universal, research-based husbandry guidelines for this species, since guidelines can help promote good welfare through providing appropriate care. Despite the widespread use of zebrafish in research, it remains unclear how holding densities affect their welfare. Previous studies have mainly evaluated the effects of holding densities on a single parameter, such as growth, reproductive output, or social interactions, rather than looking at multiple welfare parameters simultaneously. Here we investigated how chronic (nine weeks) exposure to five different holding densities (1, 4, 8, 12, and 16 fish/L) affected multiple welfare indicators. We found that fish in the 1 fish/L density treatment had higher free water cortisol concentrations per fish, increased vertical distribution, and displayed aggressive behaviour more frequently than fish held at higher densities. On the other hand, density treatments had no effect on anxiety behaviour, whole-brain neurotransmitter levels, egg volume, or the proportion of fertilised eggs. Our results demonstrate that zebrafish can be held at densities between 4 and 16 fish/L without compromising their welfare. However, housing zebrafish in the density of 1 fish/L increased their stress level and aggressive behaviour.