Estonian Identity Formations and Threat Framing in the Post-Cold War Era

• Published in: Journal of peace research Vol. 41; no. 6; pp. 733 - 750
• Main Authors: Noreen, Erik, Sjöstedt, Roxanna
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London, Thousand Oaks, CA and New Delhi Sage Publications 01-11-2004; SAGE Publications; Sage Publications Ltd
• Subjects: Cold War; Conflict; Elites; Estonia; Ethnic Identity; Group identity; Identity formation; Independence movements; Institutionalization (Social); International relations; Language; Military alliances; National identity; Political discourse; Political elites; Political identity; Post Cold War Period; Post-Cold War; Regime transition; Russia; Russian culture; Socialization; We they distinction; Estonia; Russia
• ISSN: 0022-3433; 1460-3578
• DOI: 10.1177/0022343304047435

This article shows that threat framing by the Estonian elite has changed significantly since the end of the Cold War. In order to explain these changes, the identity formations salient in Estonian political discourse are analyzed using discourse analysis and contrasted to two other explanatory approaches: one based on the ideas of realism, the other on cognitive theory. This demonstrates that the variation of threat images, as well as Estonia's wish to join international organizations, is guided not solely by fear of Russia, but also by a desire to re-establish bonds with an identity formation Estonia once was part of. Thus, the change of threat images can be explained by the dynamics of identity formations, which in turn are linked to processes of socialization, as Estonia adapts to the discourse of the West. It is further argued that previous research on the linkages between identity formations and threat images has tended to oversimplify this relationship;. In contrast to earlier research, this article claims that after independence, the Estonian Self has not developed in polarized terms vis-à-vis the Russian state and the domestic Russian Other. Rather, it is concluded that what is at issue is a process of socialization. This implies not only learning and using language as a means towards the recognition of a multicultural Estonia and the inclusion of the Russian minority in the Estonian Self, but also the institutionalization of such a language in terms of official policies.