Enhancement stimulants: perceived motivational and cognitive advantages

• Published in: Frontiers in neuroscience Vol. 7; p. 198
• Main Authors: Ilieva, Irena P, Farah, Martha J
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland Frontiers Research Foundation 01-01-2013; Frontiers Media S.A
• Subjects: Adderall; Advantages; Amphetamines; Apathy; Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Cognition & reasoning; Cognitive ability; Cognitive enhancement; College students; Colleges & universities; Dopamine; Laboratories; Motivation; Neurosciences; Pharmacology; prescription stimulants; Psychopharmacology; Researchers; ritalin; Stimulants; United States > US; Ritalin; prescription stimulants; cognitive enhancement; Adderall; motivation
• ISSN: 1662-4548; 1662-453X; 1662-453X
• DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00198

Psychostimulants like Adderall and Ritalin are widely used for cognitive enhancement by people without ADHD, although the empirical literature has shown little conclusive evidence for effectiveness in this population. This paper explores one potential explanation of this discrepancy: the possibility that the benefit from enhancement stimulants is at least in part motivational, rather than purely cognitive. We review relevant laboratory, survey, and interview research and present the results of a new survey of enhancement users with the goal of comparing perceived cognitive and motivational effects. These users perceived stimulant effects on motivationally-related factors, especially "energy" and "motivation," and reported motivational effects to be at least as pronounced as cognitive effects, including the effects on "attention."