Robot leg motion in a planarized-SOI, two-layer poly-Si process

• Published in: Journal of microelectromechanical systems Vol. 14; no. 4; pp. 725 - 740
• Main Authors: Hollar, S., Flynn, A., Bergbreiter, S., Pister, K.S.J.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York, NY IEEE 01-08-2005; Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Actuators; Deflection; Electrostatic actuators; Etching; Exact sciences and technology; Fabrication; Guidelines; Inchworm motors; Instruments, apparatus, components and techniques common to several branches of physics and astronomy; Leg; Legged locomotion; Legs; Mathematical models; Mechanical instruments, equipment and techniques; Micromechanical devices and systems; microrobots; Physics; Robots; Silicon; Testing; Three dimensional; Wiring; Stiction; Bulk micromachining; micro- robots; Robotics; Penetration depth; Static conditions; Masking; Modelling; Friction test; Microelectromechanical device; Static test; Robots; Legged locomotion; Compliant mechanism; Capacitive transducer; Silicon-on-insulator; Experimental study; Sandwich structures; Interconnections; Thick film devices; Lateral etching; Polysilicon; Miniaturization; Force control; inchworm motors; Electrostatic actuators
• ISSN: 1057-7157; 1941-0158
• DOI: 10.1109/JMEMS.2005.850720

With the ultimate goal of creating autonomous microrobots, we developed a five-mask process that combines two polysilicon structural layers with 50-/spl mu/m-thick SOI structures and a backside substrate etch. The polysilicon layers provide three-dimensional (3-D) hinged structures, high compliance structures, and electrical wiring. The SOI structural layer yields much stronger structures and large-force actuators. This process was developed as a part of a three-chip solution for a solar-powered 10-mg silicon robot. Here, we describe the fabrication of this planarized-SOI, two-layer poly-Si process (henceforth called the SOI/poly process), basic modules in the design of robot legs in this process, and lastly, the results of fabricated robot legs. In designing the leg structures, we developed guidelines and test structures to provide a better understanding of the robot leg performance. These guidelines include understanding the relationship between the lateral etch depth to the actuator spacing and performing static friction tests of polysilicon flaps to more accurately model the frictional forces of the linkages. Last, we report on the performance of the robot legs and inchworm motors. On an 8 mm /spl times/ 3 mm robot, we have demonstrated a 1 degree-of-freedom (DOF) robot leg, 1 mm in length, which demonstrates up to 60 /spl mu/N of vertical leg force with an angular deflection of almost 30/spl deg/. A two-DOF robot leg, also 1 mm in length, operated with at least 90/spl deg/ of angular deflection, and each inchworm motor demonstrated a shuttle displacement of 400 /spl mu/m with speeds up to 6.8 mm/s. In addition to robot legs, a bidirectional inchworm motor that produces equivalent forces in both directions was also fabricated in this SOI/poly process. This motor uses an additional set of gap-closing-actuator (GCA) arrays to prebias the drive frame.