Performance of high lignin content cellulose nanocrystals in poly(lactic acid)

High lignin-containing cellulose nanocrystals (HLCNCs) were successfully isolated from hydrothermally treated aspen fibers and freeze-dried and compounded with poly (lactic acid) (PLA) by extrusion and injection molding. As a comparison, PLA composites containing commercial lignin-coated CNCs (BLCNC...

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Published in:	Polymer (Guilford) Vol. 135; pp. 305 - 313
Main Authors:	Wei, Liqing, Agarwal, Umesh P., Matuana, Laurent, Sabo, Ronald C., Stark, Nicole M.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Kidlington Elsevier Ltd 17-01-2018 Elsevier BV
Subjects:	Adhesion Adhesion tests Cellulose Cellulose fibers Cellulose nanocrystals Contact angle Crystal structure Crystallinity Crystals Degree of crystallinity Electron microscopy Elongation Extrusion molding Fibers Fillers Hydrophobic surfaces Hydrophobicity Hydrothermally-treated wood Injection molding Interface Lignin Mechanical properties Modulus of elasticity Nanocomposites Nanocrystals Nanolignin Nanoparticles Poly(lactic acid) Polylactic acid Polymers Spectroscopy Storage modulus Surface area Thermal analysis Viscoelasticity Poly(lactic acid) Nanolignin Nanocomposites Hydrothermally-treated wood Cellulose nanocrystals Interface
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Abstract	High lignin-containing cellulose nanocrystals (HLCNCs) were successfully isolated from hydrothermally treated aspen fibers and freeze-dried and compounded with poly (lactic acid) (PLA) by extrusion and injection molding. As a comparison, PLA composites containing commercial lignin-coated CNCs (BLCNCs) were also produced. HLCNCs showed higher crystallinity, larger surface area, lower degree of agglomeration, and more hydrophobic surfaces compared to BLCNCs, as characterized by electron microscopy, surface area measurements, thermal analysis, spectroscopy and water contact angle measurements. The effect of lignin and CNC morphology on the mechanical, thermal and viscoelastic properties and CNCs/polymer interfacial adhesion of nanocomposites was investigated with tensile test, DSC and DMA. Compared to neat PLA, the Young's modulus, elongation to break, and toughness of PLA/2%HLCNCs were improved by 14, 77, and 30%, respectively. HLCNCs and BLCNCs act as nucleating fillers, increasing the degree of crystallinity (χc) of PLA in nanocomposites. The presence of lignin nanoparticles in the HLCNC increased the compatibility/adhesion between CNCs and polymer matrix which increased the storage modulus. [Display omitted] •High-lignin-containing CNCs (HLCNCs) were used as nanofiller for PLA matrix.•HLCNC has lower agglomeration degree and higher hydrophobicity and surface area.•Lignin nanoparticles increased the compatibility of filler and polymer matrix.•HLCNCs based nanocomposites showed higher degree of crystallinity than neat PLA.•Adding HLCNCs increased the viscoelastic properties as compared to neat PLA.
AbstractList	High lignin-containing cellulose nanocrystals (HLCNCs) were successfully isolated from hydrothermally treated aspen fibers and freeze-dried and compounded with poly (lactic acid) (PLA) by extrusion and injection molding. As a comparison, PLA composites containing commercial lignin-coated CNCs (BLCNCs) were also produced. HLCNCs showed higher crystallinity, larger surface area, lower degree of agglomeration, and more hydrophobic surfaces compared to BLCNCs, as characterized by electron microscopy, surface area measurements, thermal analysis, spectroscopy and water contact angle measurements. The effect of lignin and CNC morphology on the mechanical, thermal and viscoelastic properties and CNCs/polymer interfacial adhesion of nanocomposites was investigated with tensile test, DSC and DMA. Compared to neat PLA, the Young's modulus, elongation to break, and toughness of PLA/2%HLCNCs were improved by 14, 77, and 30%, respectively. HLCNCs and BLCNCs act as nucleating fillers, increasing the degree of crystallinity (χc) of PLA in nanocomposites. The presence of lignin nanoparticles in the HLCNC increased the compatibility/adhesion between CNCs and polymer matrix which increased the storage modulus. [Display omitted] •High-lignin-containing CNCs (HLCNCs) were used as nanofiller for PLA matrix.•HLCNC has lower agglomeration degree and higher hydrophobicity and surface area.•Lignin nanoparticles increased the compatibility of filler and polymer matrix.•HLCNCs based nanocomposites showed higher degree of crystallinity than neat PLA.•Adding HLCNCs increased the viscoelastic properties as compared to neat PLA. High lignin-containing cellulose nanocrystals (HLCNCs) were successfully isolated from hydrothermally treated aspen fibers and freeze-dried and compounded with poly (lactic acid) (PLA) by extrusion and injection molding. As a comparison, PLA composites containing commercial lignin-coated CNCs (BLCNCs) were also produced. HLCNCs showed higher crystallinity, larger surface area, lower degree of agglomeration, and more hydrophobic surfaces compared to BLCNCs, as characterized by electron microscopy, surface area measurements, thermal analysis, spectroscopy and water contact angle measurements. The effect of lignin and CNC morphology on the mechanical, thermal and viscoelastic properties and CNCs/polymer interfacial adhesion of nanocomposites was investigated with tensile test, DSC and DMA. Compared to neat PLA, the Young's modulus, elongation to break, and toughness of PLA/2%HLCNCs were improved by 14, 77, and 30%, respectively. HLCNCs and BLCNCs act as nucleating fillers, increasing the degree of crystallinity (χc) of PLA in nanocomposites. The presence of lignin nanoparticles in the HLCNC increased the compatibility/adhesion between CNCs and polymer matrix which increased the storage modulus.
Author	Agarwal, Umesh P. Stark, Nicole M. Matuana, Laurent Wei, Liqing Sabo, Ronald C.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Liqing surname: Wei fullname: Wei, Liqing organization: USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53726, United States – sequence: 2 givenname: Umesh P. orcidid: 0000-0002-5509-1961 surname: Agarwal fullname: Agarwal, Umesh P. organization: USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53726, United States – sequence: 3 givenname: Laurent surname: Matuana fullname: Matuana, Laurent organization: School of Packaging, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States – sequence: 4 givenname: Ronald C. surname: Sabo fullname: Sabo, Ronald C. email: rsabo@fs.fed.us organization: USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53726, United States – sequence: 5 givenname: Nicole M. surname: Stark fullname: Stark, Nicole M. email: nstark@fs.fed.us organization: USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53726, United States
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Keywords	Poly(lactic acid) Nanolignin Nanocomposites Hydrothermally-treated wood Cellulose nanocrystals Interface
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Snippet	High lignin-containing cellulose nanocrystals (HLCNCs) were successfully isolated from hydrothermally treated aspen fibers and freeze-dried and compounded with...
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SubjectTerms	Adhesion Adhesion tests Cellulose Cellulose fibers Cellulose nanocrystals Contact angle Crystal structure Crystallinity Crystals Degree of crystallinity Electron microscopy Elongation Extrusion molding Fibers Fillers Hydrophobic surfaces Hydrophobicity Hydrothermally-treated wood Injection molding Interface Lignin Mechanical properties Modulus of elasticity Nanocomposites Nanocrystals Nanolignin Nanoparticles Poly(lactic acid) Polylactic acid Polymers Spectroscopy Storage modulus Surface area Thermal analysis Viscoelasticity
Title	Performance of high lignin content cellulose nanocrystals in poly(lactic acid)
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