Performance of Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Appendicitis in Children in a Multicenter Cohort

Objectives The objectives were to assess the test characteristics of ultrasound (US) in diagnosing appendicitis in children and to evaluate site‐related variations based on the frequency of its use. Additionally, the authors assessed the test characteristics of US when the appendix was clearly visua...

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Published in:Academic emergency medicine Vol. 20; no. 7; pp. 697 - 702
Main Authors: Mittal, Manoj K., Dayan, Peter S., Macias, Charles G., Bachur, Richard G., Bennett, Jonathan, Dudley, Nanette C., Bajaj, Lalit, Sinclair, Kelly, Stevenson, Michelle D., Kharbanda, Anupam B., Stahmer, Sarah A.
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: United States Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01-07-2013
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Summary:Objectives The objectives were to assess the test characteristics of ultrasound (US) in diagnosing appendicitis in children and to evaluate site‐related variations based on the frequency of its use. Additionally, the authors assessed the test characteristics of US when the appendix was clearly visualized. Methods This was a secondary analysis of a prospective, 10‐center observational study. Children aged 3 to 18 years with acute abdominal pain concerning for appendicitis were enrolled. US was performed at the discretion of the treating physician. Results Of 2,625 patients enrolled, 965 (36.8%) underwent abdominal US. US had an overall sensitivity of 72.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 58.8% to 86.3%) and specificity 97.0% (95% CI = 96.2% to 97.9%) in diagnosing appendicitis. US sensitivity was 77.7% at the three sites (combined) that used it in 90% of cases, 51.6% at a site that used it in 50% of cases, and 35% at the four remaining sites (combined) that used it in 9% of cases. US retained a high specificity of 96% to 99% at all sites. Of the 469 (48.6%) cases across sites where the appendix was clearly visualized on US, its sensitivity was 97.9% (95% CI = 95.2% to 99.9%), with a specificity of 91.7% (95% CI = 86.7% to 96.7%). Conclusions Ultrasound sensitivity and the rate of visualization of the appendix on US varied across sites and appeared to improve with more frequent use. US had universally high sensitivity and specificity when the appendix was clearly identified. Other diagnostic modalities should be considered when the appendix is not definitively visualized by US. Resumen La Realización de Ecografía en el Diagnóstico de Apendicitis en Niños en una Cohorte Multicéntrica Objetivos Valorar las características diagnósticas de la ecografía (ECO) en el diagnóstico de la apendicitis en niños y evaluar las variaciones relacionadas con el hospital en base a la frecuencia de su uso. Adicionalmente, valorar las características diagnósticas de la ECO cuando el apéndice fue claramente visualizado. Metodología Análisis secundario de un estudio observacional prospectivo de 10 hospitales. Se incluyeron los niños de 3 a 18 años de edad con dolor abdominal agudo y sospecha de apendicitis. La ECO se realizó a criterio del médico que atendió al paciente. Resultados De los 2.625 pacientes incluidos, en 965 (36,8%) se realizó una ECO abdominal. La ECO tuvo una sensibilidad global del 72,5% (IC 95% = 58,8% a 86,3%) y una especificidad del 97,0% (IC 95% = 96,2% a 97,9%) en el diagnóstico de apendicitis. La sensibilidad de la ECO fue del 77,7% en los tres hospitales (combinada) que la usaron en el 90% de los casos, del 51,6% en un hospital que la usó en el 50% de los casos, y del 35% en los cuatro hospitales restantes (combinada) que la usaron en el 9% de los casos. La ECO tiene una alta especificidad, del 96% al 99%, en todos los centros. De los 469 (48,6%) casos donde la apéndice se visualizó claramente en la ECO, su sensibilidad fue del 97,9% (IC 95% = 95,2% a 99,9%), con una especificidad del 91,7% (IC 95% = 86,7% a 96,7%). Conclusiones La sensibilidad de la ECO y el porcentaje de visualización del apéndice en la ECO variaron entre los diferentes hospitales y parece mejorar cuanto más frecuente es su uso. La ECO tiene una alta sensibilidad y especificidad de forma universal cuando el apéndice se identifica claramente. Otras modalidades diagnósticas deberían ser consideradas cuando el apéndice no se visualiza de forma definitiva por la ECO.
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Members of the Executive Committee of the Pediatric Emergency Medicine Collaborative Research Committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics: Marc Auerbach, MD, and Lei Chen, MD, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Todd Chang, MD, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Andrea Cruz, MD, and Charles G. Macias, MD, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX; Denise Dowd, MD, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics and University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO; Anupam B. Kharbanda, MD, Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Prashant Mahajan, MD, University of Michigan, Detroit, MI; Lise Nigrovic, MD, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA; David Schnadower, MD, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; and Rakesh D. Mistry, MD, and Joe Zorc, MD, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.
ISSN:1069-6563
1553-2712
DOI:10.1111/acem.12161