Arsenite binding to synthetic peptides based on the Zn finger region and the estrogen binding region of the human estrogen receptor-α

• Published in: Toxicology and applied pharmacology Vol. 206; no. 1; pp. 66 - 72
• Main Authors: Kitchin, Kirk T., Wallace, Kathleen
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: San Diego, CA Elsevier Inc 01-08-2005; Elsevier
• Subjects: Arsenic; Arsenite; Arsenites - metabolism; Binding; Binding Sites; Biological and medical sciences; Bmax; Chemical and industrial products toxicology. Toxic occupational diseases; Dithiol; Estrogen receptor; Estrogen Receptor alpha - metabolism; Humans; Medical sciences; Metals and various inorganic compounds; Peptides - metabolism; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfhydryl; Sulfhydryl Compounds - metabolism; Toxicology; Zinc finger; Zinc Fingers - drug effects; DMA(III); TMAO; Binding; Estrogen receptor; Arsenic; Dithiol; DMA(V); BAL; K d; Sulfhydryl; FITC; B max; Zinc finger; NEM; MMA(V); GSAO; MMA(III); Arsenite; Human; Estrogen receptor α; Synthetic product; Peptides; Finger; Estrogen; Binding site; Sex steroid hormone; Ovarian hormone; Zinc; Heavy metal; Arsenites
• ISSN: 0041-008X; 1096-0333
• DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2004.12.010

We selected the estrogen receptor protein for study because of prior results indicating that arsenite is a “potential nonsteroidal environmental estrogen”. We utilized radioactive
73As-labeled arsenite and vacuum filtration methodology to determine the binding affinity of arsenite to synthetic peptides. A zinc finger region containing four free sulfhydryls and the hormone binding region containing three free sulfhydryls based on the human estrogen receptor-α were studied. Peptide 15 (RYCAVCNDYASGYHYGVWSCEGCKA) bound arsenite with a
K
d of 2.2 μM and
B
max (maximal binding capacity) of 89 nmol/mg protein. Peptide 10 (LECAWQGKCVEGTEHLYSMKCKNV) had a
K
d of 1.3 μM and
B
max of 59 nmol/mg protein. In contrast, the monothiol peptide 19 (LEGAWQGKGVEGTEHLYSMKCKNV) bound arsenite with a higher
K
d of 124 μM and a
B
max of 26 nmol/mg protein. In our studies, amino acids other than cysteine (including methionine and histidine) did not bind arsenite at all. Peptides modeled on the estrogen receptor with two or more nearby free sulfhydryls (two or five intervening amino acids) had low
K
d values in the 1–4 μM range. Peptides containing single sulfhydryls or two sulfhydryls spaced 17 amino acids apart had higher
K
d values in the 100–200 μM range, demonstrating lower affinity. With the exception of peptide 24 which had an unusually high
B
max value of 234 nmol/mg, the binding capacity of the studied peptides was proportional to the number of free cysteines. Binding of trivalent arsenicals to peptides and proteins can contribute to arsenic toxicity and carcinogenicity via altered peptide/protein structure and enzyme function.